MEMRISTOR

The basic components of electronic circuits are resistors capacitors and inductors. These are the passive elements of an electronic circuit. Without these components a circuit couldn’t work. All the other components of the circuit depend on these components. Researches have been going from the past for introducing a memory element in the circuit. As result of this a new basic component called the memristor is developed. The idea behind the development of this component is of Leon Chua. The component is named as memristor because it consists of a resistor with memory.

Memristor can be called as an element which consists of derivatives of current and voltage. That is charge and flux. This can be achieved by the combination of resistor capacitor and inductor. A single component which can be used as memory element will be very useful for circuit designing purposes.

The thing that makes the memristor different from that of other components is that it carries the memory of the past. When power is removed it will be capable to remember its previous state, how long the device has been working etc. this can be duplicated by the combination of resistor, capacitor and inductor. That is why memristor can be called as fundamental device.
Memristor can not only be used as a basic component it can also be used as memory element. A device which can be used for storing values and data. The Chua circuit will be the simplest realization of this fourth component. But the device is still in theories. It will require more time for the device to come into existence in reality.

Types of memristors
1. Spintronic Memristor
2. Titanium dioxide memristor
3. Polymeric memristor
4. Magnetite memristive systems

The property of a material to retain it s resistance after the power is removed is called memresistance. A material used for making memresistors is titanium dioxides. The device is made by placing a thin layer of titanium di oxide between the two electrodes. The layer of titanium has oxygen depletion. When voltage is applied at the electrodes a change in oxygen concentration is developed. This will create a change in resistance and can be used as memory. 

Do you feel that your internet connection is slow? The speed of internet connection depends on the provider bandwidth, hardware’s like modem and your computer specifications. If you have a high speed modem then you can utilize almost all the bandwidth allocated to you. This will give you the freedom for using the internet completely for the amount you pay. But the modems available in the market now are not suitable for utilizing the complete bandwidth for a user. Cellonics incorporated have developed a new hardware suitable for the communication purposes that will increase the capabilities of the communication topologies that uses modems.

This technology will provide 1000 times’ faster access of internet. It utilizes an entirely different topology for accessing internet through its sophisticated hardware. This development is based on how biological cells communicate with each other and nonlinear dynamic communication system.

The current technology uses ASCII to for displaying zeros and ones. Then the data is sent through RF to its destination where it sis decoded. This technology utilizes the carrier as the reference which determines the output is one or zero.
In cellonics the study about how human cells respond to stimuli is utilized for communication. This study made it clear that human cells respond by generating pulses separated by a silence. Cellonics utilizes this method to minimize the number of pulses and utilize it for communication. Cellonics takes slow input and produces faster output. This signal is used to transmit over the channel. In cellonics nonlinear dynamic systems simulate the cell responses and formulate mathematical solution for this cell response. This technology will provide non linear responses and it will be beneficial for the business men who were working with portable devices. This technology is intended for providing faster and better data for long period of time.

Principle of cellonics

As mentioned earlier it utilizes the method of response of cell to the stimuli’s. This is implemented by nonlinear dynamical system and modeled biological approach. Cellonics is short named after cell electronics. Cellonics circuits converts data into spikes or bursts with short interval between them. These signals are closely packed such that the data content present in the data is very large which provides higher speed when compared to the existing data transmission methods. Circuit for generating pulses can be implemented by the use of opamps. The figure below shows the circuit required for the generation of pulses. The linear signals given at the input is converted into nonlinear at the output by the circuit.
The main application of cellonics will be in the field of telecommunication. The current devices like modem which converts analog data to binary and transmit over the channel can be replaced by this new mechanism. This new device will override the existing modems and can be used for the fast moving future.  

Introduction

An interconnection of computer networks that allows computers connected to communicate directly with each other, for some Internet users, generates a feeling of closeness, empathy, understanding and discussion instead of confusion, struggle and conflict that they themselves refer to as life itself.
This emerged at several universities 1965, by the need to communicate with over the years this has suffered several changes and progress was very surprising. This allows us to transmit information from one place to another much faster.

The evolution

Taking into account the June 2006 to June 2008 there were almost one million new residential customers and more than 100,000 new organizations connected to the network.

Internet access

An ISP is a company (servers) that is dedicated to connecting to the Internet to multiple users or to different networks, as well as be responsible for maintaining the access for this to function properly. It is also responsible for hosting Web pages or domain registrars including

Different types of services for internet access

Basic Telephony Network

This was the first technology used for the Internet connection is based on communication through the telephone network already installed in homes by means of a modem (modulator - from modulator). Allowing all persons having telephone service can access the Internet. This was a big disadvantage for those who handle large amounts of data simultaneously also impossible to use your phone while online. This system is charged for time used.

With a modem that complies with the V.90 standard can reach speeds of 56 KBPS (7 KB / s)
There are now many companies offering their customers Internet access through this network.

ISDN

(Integrated Services Digital Network)
ISDN was a logical and necessary evolution of Internet access through the basic telephone network. This is an evolution of the perfection of the previous analogue lines, supporting the transfer of both voice (telephone) and data (Internet access).
For this, the ISDN line with two B channels KBPS 64 each, with a separate D channel of 16 KBPS, which is used to establish the call and signaling / synchronization between different network devices.

As with the basic telephone network, many companies offer connection via ISDN.

ADSL

It is a technology which provides broadband access to the client using the infrastructure of telephone lines. To do this, use the frequencies that supports copper cable, and are not used for telephone conversations, for transmitting and receiving data. To separate the frequencies that the telephone data, you must install a splitter, whose sole function is to separate and collect both signals.

As a main advantage is the same as the basic telephone network: the telephone lines are drawn by the majority of the national territory. However, for the connection to the Internet run smoothly, you must have a

Central ADSL at a distance not too great, that if the signal is not adequate.

Cable
Internet access via cable modem used as physical medium for data transmission and fiber optic cable can transmit (and receive) data at speeds much higher than those supported by copper cables conventional telephone lines.
In this case it will need a splitter to separate the different signals coming through the coaxial cable.
The main drawback of this technology is its high cost, in terms of infrastructure, for businesses that want to provide this service. As a result, the company offers services only in certain localities.

Pro obstetrician communication

Function is to transmit data from one user to another or from one group of them to another.

The Internet Protocol is a connection-oriented protocol used by both the origin and the destination for data communication over a packet switched network.

The data are sent in blocks known as packets (unreliable). In particular, IP does not require any configuration before a computer tries to send packets to another which had not been reported before. IP has no mechanism for determining whether or not a packet reaches its destination and only provides security (using checksums or checksums) of her head and not the data transmitted.

If the sending (programs data) exceeds the maximum size "negotiated" in the network segment on the circular will be divided into smaller packets and then reassembled when needed. These fragments may be each for a different path depending on the number of users connected to that network at that time.

The headers contain the IP addresses of the source and target machines (IP) address which consists of four numbers ranging from 0 to 255 and will be used by packet switches (switches) and routers (break) to determine the network segment on the forwarded packets.

The IP is the common element in the Internet today. The current and most popular network protocol is IPv4. IPv6 is the proposed successor to IPv4, the Internet is slowly draining the addresses it uses IPv6 source and destination addresses of 128 bits.
IP addressing and routing

IP Address

Addressing refers to the way it assigns IP addresses are divided and grouped and sub-teams, ie, a number that identifies a logical hierarchy and a device (a computer) in a network use the Internet protocol (Internet Protocol), which corresponds to the network-level or level 3 of the OSI reference model. This number shall not be confused with the MAC address is a physical number that is assigned to the card or network device (dictated by the manufacturer), while the IP address can be changed. All users are using an IP address, but this is changing every time the user connects (dynamic IP). Web Sites that by their nature need to be permanently connected, generally have a fixed IP address

Routing

Routing is to find a way to connect one network to another and although it is carried out by all the teams, is performed mainly by routers, which are nothing more than specialized computers receive and send packets through different network interfaces and provide security features, redundant paths and efficient use of resources.

Pro obstetricians of the application layer

Consider the modules of software protocols in a vertical stack consisting of layers. Each layer is responsible for managing a part of the problem.

application layer is closest to the user. At this level (7) defines the protocols that applications use to manage data and tools for sending this information through all the layers that continue to apply.

A large number of application protocols, many of them linked to a particular application. Protocols that are not commonly used users, but the programs they manage.
Services accessible by Internet

The different services you can have Internet access are provided by the protocols that belong to the application level. These protocols are part of the TCP / IP and must inter alia provide a standardized way to interpret the information, since not all machines use the same sets of characters or the same standards. The protocols of the other levels are only responsible for the transmission of information as a block of bits, without defining the rules to indicate how they should interpret these bits. The application-level protocols are intended for specific tasks, some of which are regarded as traditional Internet use since the inception of the network, for example:

File transfer (File Transfer).

Electronic mail (e-mail).

Remote connection (remote login).

Today the Internet allows us access to infinite amounts of services, from finding information to transact all remote sites.
With the so-called search engines, we can find a wide variety of information on any topic. This is a system that indexes files stored on Web servers through its "spider" (or web crawler).

Searches were done with key words or topics by hierarchical trees, the search result is a list of Web addresses that are mentioned in the issues related to the keywords searched. Can be classified into two types:

Index: These systems search for items or categories ranked. These databases of Web addresses produced "manually", ie people who are responsible for each web page to assign a category or topic.

Search Engines: These are systems of keyword search. Databases that are automatically web pages using "robots" search on the net.

Some of these services are:

Email:
Network that allows users to send and receive messages quickly. For a person can send a mail to another, both have an email address. This address has to give a mail provider, who offer the service of sending and receiving.

Chat Channels:
It is based on a set of servers that supports connections from any person anywhere on the Internet that can send and receive messages between users. The talks are organized into channels, which are run by operators who act as moderators.

Video conference:
We can say that the video is similar to instant messaging in a way, because through it we can exchange messages, files, etc.., Its potential is that it makes use of technologies such as WebCam, microphones and so on., Unlike some messaging programs that do not implement this type of hardware. Among the programs to find video Neetmeeting as the most popular.
Domain Name System

The Domain Name System (DNS) or Domain Name System enables users of a TCP / IP and hierarchical descriptive names to easily locate computers (hosts) and other resources in the network, thus avoiding having to remember IP address of each computer you wish to access. In essence, DNS is a distributed database containing associations of symbolic names to IP addresses. The fact that it is distributed can delegate control over various segments of the database to different organizations, but always so that the data of each segment are available throughout the network, through a client-server.

Programs called name servers (name servers) is the server side of client-server. Name servers contain information about some segments of the database and made available to customers, called solucionadotes

When someone enters an address in your browser, that address this by asking the name server of your ISP, and ask in the first instance who has information on the top level domain, TLD (. Com,. Net,. is so.) Once this information, the question of the TLD name server for the domain name in question. Finally he asked the organization by the name of second level domain name itself, which returns the name of the authoritative server, who knows the IP address you're looking for.
Browser or browsers

Clients are programs that allow users to access the service pages. Some of these programs are:

Internet Explorer

Netscape

Opera

Google chrome

Mozilla Firefox

Website
A website, also known as web page, a document is adapted for the Web and usually part of a website. Its main feature are the links to other sites, this being the foundation of the Web.
A page is composed mainly of information (text only or multimedia) and hyperlinks, or it may contain data associated style to specify how to display or to make it interactive embedded applications.
Page content can be predetermined or generated upon request or display a web server ( "dynamic web page"). Dynamic pages that are generated when the display is done through interpreted languages, usually JavaScript, and the application responsible for displaying the content is to be generated. The dynamic pages that are generated when requested by an application are created in the Web server that hosts them.

Regarding the structure of the websites some agencies, notably the W3C, often set policies with the intention of standardizing the design to facilitate and simplify the display and interpretation of the content.

Conclusion
When discussing the evolution of network we refer to the tool's largest technological world, a system of interconnected for the purpose of sharing information through computers, and various and easy access to humanity.
The Internet has a profound impact at the level of society in a changing world, not only at work but in leisure, especially in the knowledge, thanks to the millions who have immediate and unlimited access to a large and diverse information.

This has reached all parts of the world by opening a digital divide, today there is no place in the world that does not have at least one or two computers connected to the Internet.

This has been a great advantage because it allows people to access endless information. Furthermore, put an end to the isolation of cultures due to their rapid incorporation and mass, the virtual space is updated constantly to provide us information fresh, and somewhat irrelevant.

Like any great revolution, I believe a new era of different methods of solving problems created from previous solutions, increased its influence over many aspects of everyday life, with the appearance of and the high-speed connections available the public Internet to significantly alter the way people work by giving the power to do this from home, this tool allows people more flexibility in terms of time and location most conducive to their way of working.

The Internet has become the most used and highest growth in history, there are now many companies which are making money from advertising on the network, this system also offers many advantages both for users and for advertisers because in she navigates many people, but rather the growth or the incorporation of them that the streets of what at first was a small town called Internet becomes a highly interconnected world and among its members.

Obviously, this technological breakthrough as mentioned above entails a huge responsibility because through your slip arguments and themes that represent much of the traffic information

Compared to encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the Web has enabled a sudden and extreme decentralization of information and data. Some companies and individuals have adopted the use of weblogs, which are largely used as a daily updatable. Some commercial organizations encourage staff to integrate their areas of specialization in their sites, hoping to impress the visitors with expert knowledge and free information.

Internet-driven globalization and together with the so-called dematerialization has given birth to a new era characterized by the use of the network in each of the processes and aspects of human life, that through the it was devised to grow things and aspects of the Internet and do more essential to the world.

A major limitation for this service is the lack of security as it seeks to communicate a secret in an environment with millions of potential witnesses difficult and not likely to hear a conversation between two partners increases as does the distance. Since the Internet is truly global, not a secret value should be communicated through it without the help of cryptography. Everyone has the right to privacy when accessing Internet privacy need not go away.

Depending on the situation and needs of the client should be opting for one solution or another. Clearly, if the customer uses the Internet for entertainment with access through a telephone line that will have their needs met. Besides, this is the cheapest way.

Seen from an economic point of view we can say that these people could also choose to pay for connection time.

For people with slightly higher requirements or for applications that require their specific use ISDN line is the solution for which eligible.

If the client needs a high bandwidth, there are two alternative technologies: ADSL or Cable. The cable is more economical, but its installation depends on whether the area is one company offering this service.

In the search for certain information online, we use the information pages, these pages contain a fixed IP address (a 4-digit code from 0 to 255), allowing the site by the users.

This also happens the same in the transfer of information across users. This information is converted into packets and each user is assigned a dynamic IP.

"INTERNET IS A TREASURE TO MANAGE"

This article explains everything about the Internet Blogs, Blogs have been winning more space in the vast network of networks because of its importance as a channel for sharing ideas, knowledge, tastes, dreams and projects relating to the internet.

What are they?, "All we have ours?, how to operate them, how to access them?, How to create it?, How do I create it?. And other questions to be cleared for you to integrate this growing community of Bloggers.

Introduction

Another term that today competes globally with Google, Coca Cola and other well known brands are Blogs, today we refer to them by their importance and increasingly used by millions of Internet users.

Blogs are the fashion of our time. Artists, soldiers, ordinary people, everyone wants a Blog, talking about India, Amitabh, Katrina, airplanes, the newest restaurant, the tour on Sunday, your pet, the Martians, holidays, the dance of salsa, and grandmother's recipes ... the dreams and realities ... but specifically no more than a simple and free internet publishing your journal and all the experiences, comments, and ideas ... you want to share. No effort, typing on the keyboard and following some simple instructions you will have your website and update it whenever you want.

A web log(Blog) is a Web site that is updated periodically with data and information by its author, this information can be text, images and others that the author considers most important thing is that they are organized in chronological order that is always listed first order the latest information. They are intended for use as a sort of online diary that a person uses to inform, share and discuss regularly on the things you love and care about.

The term weblog is also used to refer to them, comes from the English words web and log (journal), the log term is used referring to the logs or journals of navigation used since ancient times when the captains of the ships were scored events during shipping.


The Weblogs or Blogs are the most current phenomenon on the Web sites This is where messages are collected chronologically in one or more authors on a thematic terms as a personal diary.

The Blogs have managed to publish content on the Web is accessible to any Internet user. And there are various free services with simple tools that create a Weblog in less than five minutes, without any previous knowledge.

There Weblogs that provide information about itself and elaborated by its author. There are others who simply collect the most interesting thing found on the Internet, thus becoming a kind of documentary resources also plays its role. Of course, you have to meet both.


Development.

Elements of a Blog

In the Weblog cover listed first the most recent entries. Each of these often include a title, publication date, author's name and a link that leads to a form where visitors can post comments.

All blogs also includes one or more menus with the names of the themes or categories in which entries are classified, so that when you click on one of those names appear on screen only the items in that category. It is also a section with regular information about the author or authors and a collection of links to recommended websites.

Besides the basic features we have described the Blogs can have other advanced features based publication system chosen. For example:

Search content.

Support multiuser (multiple authors).

Trackback (an automatic warning when another blog has linked some of your items).

Management system templates or designs.

Generating RSS for content syndication.

Treatment and RSS aggregation.

Body image.

Management comments.

Blocking unwanted commentators.

Other supplements may be a list of the last comments by readers, a list of the most commented articles or statistical data from your visits. These resources allow you to track your Weblog and are also elements that help you loyalty to your readers.

Getting Started

To get a space on the Internet and start publishing your news, articles and reflections there are now many options, the first is choosing a housing system in any of the websites that offer free space with a publishing system and preinstalled ( most recommended for novices), the second (for those already initiated into the world of computers) is to install and configure your own management tool on a web server and one for the experts.

How they work

The most quick, easy and normal to have your own blog is to register as a user in one of the many free services available on the Web in a few minutes you'll be publishing your first article.

In this mode the Blog works with a content management program already installed on the server that hosts them and that in most cases is developed by the transmission service.

Discharge to your blog

The steps for creating a page of this type are essentially the same at all. The first is to register as a user. In doing so, we assign a user name and password, with which we can access the homepage of administration and publication.

Then we follow the guidance of a small Web Wizard, we will request the necessary information: the name we want for our website, description, design and other information relevant to their creation.

After completing the wizard, we'll have our Blog up to work. Now is the Time to administer, configure it to our liking, and start working with it.


To learn how Blogs are housed in each one of these sites and what they offer you the best is to visit each of them, usually comes a list of recently updated Blogs, checked and pick the more you like or fits your needs .

Some of the stocks and shares to be configured are:

1 - The Admin

In the administration page will see a series of menus which can perform specific tasks of configuration and maintenance: delete and publish articles to define categories for classifying, insert links or images, change the appearance (background color and text), title Blog, data from the Author. In some places we can define several authors or users allowed to post on the blog.

2 - Image Hosting

The weakness of accommodation for blogs is often the limitations to the use of images. The solution is to store our photos on another free server that allows us to get more images or larger images and then link that image from our Blog by a code in HTML. The first thing to do in all cases is to register as a user, and within minutes you can start posting your pictures.

Some interesting tools that let you create a photo album on the Internet quickly and easily:

*

Flickr.com is a website that lets you upload and share your photos for free (limited to 10 MB per month). We can use it as an album in that sort and show our pictures to the world or to host the pictures on your blog if our publishing system allows us to upload images not heavy.
*

Buzznet.com is another service that allows you to create a photoblog free with an attractive design, in which friends and virtual tours can add comments to our pictures. The free basic account lets you post 60 images per month. Buzznet also resizes your images 400px wide maximum which do not have to cut you with another program.

3 - Counters Visits

This allows the author to know the number of visitors to his blog, the most read and other information from these statistics can create the same, providing for amendment of the same elements in order to achieve greater quality and quantity of people using it.


4 - Forums

Several surfers create forums on various topics, some of them just on blogs, in which exchange their knowledge and experiences, some of the most used are:

* www.boddunan.com

* www.hubpages.com

5 - Content syndication

Nearly all Blogs incorporate text links, or the famous orange buttons with the abbreviations XML, RSS, RDF, or ATOM for the reader to copy the Web address to which they point, known as feed-and inserted into a reader / aggregator or news feeds to be alerted of updates of your favorite Weblogs.

These links or buttons point to a file within the blog that contains a specific version of the information published on this site. Usually called "Archive RSS" or "Feed RSS". Each element of information contained within an RSS file is called "item".

The RSS file is rewritten automatically when any update on the contents of the website. By accessing the RSS file is impossible to know whether the contents have been updated and how news or texts, but without having to access the Web site except to read the extended version.

Have a channel or RSS file on your Blog will allow Internet users to check if you have done updates in your blog without having to enter through a feed reader installed on your computer or from a feed aggregator or online directory.

Conclusions

Well Blog, Weblogs or Blogs are and that we must incorporate new words into our vocabulary,
New words appear. but neglect to try to keep them informed so that our vocabulary is kept updated and every day we are more computer-literate.