HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
A computer system also consists of hardware and software for its proper functioning.
Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of the computer i.e. the components that can be seen touched. Input devices, CPU, floppy disk, hard disk etc. are examples of computer hardware.
Software represents the set of programs that can govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. Software can be classified broadly in to three categories.
1. Operating system
2. Language processors
3. Application software.
Operating system and Language processors are combining called system software.
OPERATING SYSTEM
Hardware is nothing but finally designed machinery. A machine is ultimately machine only which is always made to work. In case of computers, it is either me if we do that or ‘some other’ which does it for us. This ‘some other’ is nothing but our own ‘operating system’.
An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware i.e. all computer resources.
Operating system is just like our secretary. As the boss gives order to his secretary and the secretary does all the work. The secretary himself decides: How to do? ; What to do? ; When to do? ; The primary goal of an operating system is just to make the computer system convenient to use and secondary goal is to use computer hardware in an efficient manner.
An operating system is an important component of a computer system which controls all other components of computer system. Major components of computer system are:
1. The Hardware
2. The operating system
3. The Application program routines (compiler, linkers, database management systems, utility programs)
4. The Human ware (users)
Where hardware provides the basic computing resources, the application program routines define the ways in which these resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users and the operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application for the various users.
The operating system performs the following functions:
(i) Provides the instruction to prepare user interface i.e., way to interact with user whether through typed commands or through graphical symbols.
(ii) Loads necessary programs (in to the computer memory) which are required for proper computer functioning.
(iii) Coordinates how program works with the CPU, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other hardware as well as with other software.
(iv) Manages the way information is stored on and retrieved from disks.
There are various types of Oss – single user OS, multiuser OS, batch processor OS, multiprocessing OS etc.
As the names suggest, single user OS supports single user whereas multiuser OS can support multiusers. The batch processing OS processes the batches (groups) or jobs (processes) given to it) and multiprocessing OS in capable of handling multiple CPUs at the same time.
LANGUAGE PROCESSORS
As programmer prefer to write their programs in one of the high level languages. However, however the computer does not understand any language other than its own machine language (binary language) therefore it becomes necessary to process a HLL program so as to make it understandable to the computer. The system programs which perform this very job are language processors. The language processors are given below:
(i) Assembler. This language processor converts the program written in assembly language in to machine language.
(ii) Interpreter. This language processor converts a HLL program in to machine language by converting and executing it line by line. If there is any error in any line, it reports it at the same time and program execution cannot resume until the error is rectified. Interpreter must always be present in the memory every time the program is executed as every time the program is run, it is first interpreted and then executed. For error debugging, interpreter, is very much useful as it reports the errors at the same time. But once errors are removed, unnecessary usage of memory takes place as it has to be present in the memory always.
(iii) Compiler. It also converts the HLL program into machine language but the conversion manner is different. It converts the entire HLL program in one go, and reports all the errors of the program along with the line numbers. After all the errors are removed, the program is recompiled, and after that the compiler is not needed in the memory as the object program is available.
Therefore if we combine interpreter and compiler, it gives the best combination for HLL program translation in to the object code. For the error removal interpreter can be used and after all the errors are removed the program can be compiled enabling the removal of the language translator from the memory.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
This type of software pertains to one specific application. For instance, software that can perform railway reservation functions cannot prepare result for a school.
Application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application.
These are the program written by the programmers to enable computer to perform a specific task such as inventory control, medical accounting, financial accounting, result preparation, railway reservation, billing etc. Application software can further be subdivided in to two categories.
Customized application software – This type of software is tailor’s made software according to a user’s requirements. The software is developed to meet all the requirements specified by the user. However, this cannot be directly installed at any other user’s workplace as the requirements of this user may differ from the first one and software may not fit in the requirements of the new user.
General application software – This type of software is developed keeping in mind the general requirements for carrying out a specific task. Many users can use it simultaneously as it fulfills the general requirements.
STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF A COMPUTER
As you see that computers are being used almost everywhere. Most of the areas have already starting working with the help of computers such as banking, railways, airways, airways, electricity billing, hotels, schools, colleges, shops, big stores, industries, defense, designing etc. etc. These areas were working without computers sometime before and the same type of task was being performed earlier also. What made them shift from manual working to computerized working? There must be some advantages of computers that attracted them. Indeed there are some big advantages or strengths of computers. These are as follows:
1. Speed. Computers are much faster as compared to human beings. A computer can perform a task in a minute that may take days if performed manually. A modern computer can execute millions of instructions in one second.
2. High storage capacity. Computer can store a large amount of information in very small space. A CDROM of 4.7 inch diameter can store all the 33 volumes of Encyclopedia Britannica and will still have room to store more information. Bubble memories can store 6,250,000 bits per square centimeter of space.
3. Accuracy. Computers can perform all the calculations and comparisons accurately provided the hardware does not malfunction.
4. Reliability. Computers can perform all the calculations and boredom or fatigue. Thus they are more reliable than human being.
5. Versatility. Computer can perform repetitive jobs efficiently. They can solve labour problem or do hazardous jobs in hostile environment. They can even work in the areas where human brain can err for instance observing motion of very fast moving articles. Also they can work with different types of data and information like graphic, audio, visual, characters etc.
Inspite of having all the above given characteristics, it does possess some limitations also that are strengths of human beings.
1. Lack of decision making power. Computer cannot decide on their own. They do not posses this power which is a great asset of human being.
2. IQ zero. Computers are dumb machines with zero IQ. They need to be told each and every step, however minute it may be.
These limitations of computers are characteristics of human beings. Thus, computer and human beings work in collaboration to make a perfect pair.
1. Lack of decision making power. Computer cannot decide on their own. Their do not possess this power which a great asset of human beings.
2. IQ zero. Computers are dumb machines with zero IQ. They need to be told each and every step, however minute it may be.
These limitations of computers are characteristics of human beings. Thus, computers and human beings work in collaboration to make a perfect pair.
Firmware. Like hardware and software, firmware is another term commonly used. Firmware is a prewritten program that is permanently stored in read-only memory. It configures the computer and is not easily modifiable by the user. BIOS (basic input output services) instructions are an example of firmware.
Liveware. It is the term generally used for the people associated with and benefited from the computer system.
By creating a web page usually have much enthusiasm and little knowledge about what elements are necessary to create a successful site. If the goal is that your website is constantly visited by a large number of people, then you need to consider each of the elements that integrate in their design and standards to ensure an effective search.
For this to work perfectly, you need a creative and innovative idea to call the attention of visitors, but also should consider some pre-established standards that will indicate the usual behavior of network users and the rules of web design.
If you can overlook these two aspects during the construction of your site, it is likely that the great plans for your page will never come to fruition it will be lost among millions of pages, because competition will eat you without thinking twice.
Among the best known standards are the following: HTML, SVG, DOM, CSS, PNG, SOAP, XML and HTTP.
And here we present several characteristics that identify them so you know why you should consider when building your website is:
a) will give you the chance to reduce costs by having the same version of the page in different formats without additional cost
b) Achieve a high degree of compatibility with different browsers available.
c) You may display correctly from a PC or even on new devices such as televisions and mobile phones.
d) Your page will be located quickly by the search engines used on the network, such as Google and Yahoo, which ensures you will have a better footing.
e) Ensure that the user enters her get the information you need and do not miss only a pile of useless words and images that did not apply in your search.
f) You will arrive more quickly because your audience will be built according to current and future needs of your users with a satisfactory speed.
Finding out how to build up a "Thin-Film" photovoltaic cell is really exciting informative project & it helps you acquire to clasps on the photoelectrical effect.
What You require:
• Sheet of copper
• Perspex or acrylic sheeting
• A few thin out strip of wood
• Copper wire
• Channel tape
Instruments:
• Metal guillotine (upon requirement)
• Band saw (optional)
• Tin snips
• Electrical band hob
Firstly, cut off a square from the Cu sheeting and so that it's almost 6-8 in foursquare sized. It's much gentler to behave these with a metallic guillotine; even so, if you have not brought access to these kind of devices, snips will function just alright.
As you've executed this, clean your hands good & dry out them. You require to move out some lubricating oil or vegetable oil from the hands that may get troubles on the following pace of the action. Get rid of any dirt or dust from the Cu sheeting. Next, bring a bit of emery cloth, & exhaustively sand down the bit of Cu along both faces to polish off the top level of oxidated Cu.
This will allow you with good brightly glazed red Cu underneath.
You at once require to heat up process the Cu, so tobuild an oxide covering upon topmost. It might sound unreasonable that we have barely bumped off all oxide and instantly we're going to place oxide back up on, but the layer of oxide covering we'll be employing will equal a film by Cuprous oxide.
You will require an electric hob for this. If you've some "inflame proof goves" & metallic pair of tongs, this could be the occassion to acquire them so to deal the alloy though redhot.
You need to release the heater to the peak adjustment, with the plate of Cu just located upon crest. Detect the alterations to the Cu cautiously, it is very exciting.
Because you heat up the Cu, it acquires a adorable bright patina of different colorings.
If you cause approach to Nitric acid, you are able to apply this as a brilliant technique for moving out the top cupric oxide stratum.
You'll ascertain a dark crusted oxide class along cover of the Cu plate. If you allow the shell to cool down slow, the crusted stratum should convert clean breakable & apart well from the underlying Cu. When you have got admitted the sheet to cool down good, feed the shell a firmly bang side on to a severe surface. A few of the oxidelayer will bulge away. Scratch the oxide lightly with your thumbs below a tap, & you'll come up almost of the dark layer of oxide breaks away well. If some chips are stubborn, don't under whatever conditions flush it, as we don't prefer to harm the delicate surface.
Under these dark layer of oxide, you'll discover additional layer of red chromatic rusty coloration. This is the stratum which is "light-sensitive" & will produce our thin-film photovoltaic cell do work.
Build a spacer at once from few dilute strips of woods. I applied channel tape to connect my bits of woods together – don't apply silver fixes because they can react electrolytically on the former elements of the cell.
We're immediately going to construct other electrode. It's to deliver the attribute that it doesn't contact the other bit of the photovoltaic cell, & allows for light to reach the surface. We're giving out to apply salt water because our other electrode, bringing in touch on the entire surface of the lean film cell, as yet conducting electrical energy. We're so going to soak up additional Cu cable to build the connector. You may equally apply additional bit of Cu plate just about the external of the light-film cell, only not disturbing our oxidated Cu.
In a commercialised light film cell, oxide of tin is generally applied as the opposite electrode, because it's clean & even deports electricity.
At present acquire a part of Perspex to do for a cover up plate, & bond a strip of channel taping on either face.
We're getting to bond our opposite electrode cable to this bit of Perspex.
Think back to employ thickish conducting wire for clearness, with a couple of factual cranks and so that you'll be able to distinctly see what is advancing. To optimise the operation of your photovoltaic cell, you prefer to build the conductor big. To this end, you're better applying dozens of leaner caliber wire in a a good deal better zag pattern-this will all the same allow for the light to come through, at the equivalent time affords a great conductor surface area.
You will be able to try out with a different sorts of cable & Cu. The method is to sample & maximise the area of the Cu, although trying to block up as small light as achievable from arriving at the photovoltaic cell.
Bend the channel taping across & bind the conducting wirewith the plate.
We're at once attending aggregate the electrode rod or plate with the blank space. Once again, channel taping builds this a decent easy line of work.
Next, we're going to acquire the Cu plate, & bind channel taping to single face, with the gluey face of the taping facing up the same direction because the level of red Cu oxide.
Fuse the plate & the front end module to arrive at the ended solar cell.
Right away, take a bit common salt water, & fill up the null between the Perspex face division & the Cu shell. Seal off the module with channel taping all-around to avoid leak.
At last, link up your cell to a multimeter, detect a shining light, & research about of the electric attributes of your photovoltaic cell.
A lot of Americans have determined to become more than energy sovereign, & need to bring a part in keeping off a identical predictable energy crisis. They have determined to go solar. Producing a solar powered house is an attempt that wants an initial investment funds, but the prices are being got down daily. Solar force allows for long profits. Not barely for the householder, but the surround too.
At present that solar energy is more effective, you'll be able to bring down or even extinguish your electric bill, increment your household value & add to a clearer surroundings, altogether simultaneously. Its a big time to get together the move to inexhaustible energy resources, & the complete time to make use of the generous authorities & localised utility fiscal bonuses that could cut back 1000s of bucks off the cost. & At once that solar force is getting even more important stream, it's developing unavailability. Producers of solar powered wareses have accomplished the potency for a solar era, & are making modern choices for those who were believing a solar powered life-style. If you're available to step in to the solar years, you're likely curious how & wherever to start out. Beneath is a listing of methods to arrive at your house a solar one.
Solar Attic lovers- Solar attic lovers is a good example of simple method to create your house more energy economic without expending many revenue. Therequirement for air conditioner is cut down by giving vent warm air away of your attic. Establishing a solar attic winnow may likewise increase the lifetime of your roofing materials by holding on them at a low temperature which will also brings down moisture progress in your garret. This keeps mold & waste in your home, & could also decrease allergens & ontamination.
Solar heating system- Solar heatings are self-contained of solar thermal gatherers, a fluid arrangement to move up the heat energy to it's region of exercise, & a source for heat energy storage. The arrangements perhaps used to heat up domesticated hot water, swimming bath water, and for space heating up. If you live in the shiny area you could possibly preserve up between 50% & 80% on the water supply heating up by applying a solar water heater. The first cost is considerable, but looking on how you apply it, the scheme may pay up, itself in as small as 5 years. The payoff is larger as you factor in discounts & bonuses proposed by states & localized authoritieses.
Solar pump- Depending on wherever you live, particularly in distant area, the cost of conventional water pipage perhaps immoderate. Unless you establish a solar water supply pumps. A solar energy panel accumulates solar power & forces a battery which could go along a uniform and rich water supply.
Solar paneling-The conspicuous manner to break to the solar era is to instal solar array cells on the roof. Solar cellsare also better-known as PV cells or Photovoltaicsare of many sizings, colorings, & operation characteristics, formed to fit a diversity of houses & life-styles. Some other significant element to regard is that when solar panels are applied in alignment with energy efficient gadgets, not as numerous panels might be necessary to power your house! Large house advance stores, likewise as lower, autonomous energy groups, propose installing. But if you're a savvy do it by yourself, you may determine to attempt the propose on their own!
But do not broke down the screwdriver fair yet. Whether you do them yourself, or employ somebody to do it because there are a match ofthings to be come across to before solarising your house. Such building allows. In order to lawfully set up renewable energy seeds in your house, you must contact metropolis or county building up permit authority to get license. You'll be able to discover about demands particular to your region. Do not forget about dimension & sales taxes. Depending upon what country you live in, you might not be relieve from these as it adds up to the purchasing of inexhaustible energy system.
Although it's not hard to maintain your solar systems, frequence of refilling ought be considered. Solar heating arrangements require valves substituted all 3-5 years & tanks substituted all 10 years. Fortunately, solar PV arrangements normally don't want maintenance, other a annual cleanup of the solar cells. PV control panel life is commonly twenty-five years.
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