Things are getting smaller and smaller. But the services provided by this small devices aren’t small. They are having high capabilities of doing different tasks. The invention of IC has made this possible reduction of size of devices. But the use of different ICs made it difficult to reduce the size below a particular extend. This has been made possible by the introduction of a new method of construction called System on Chip. As the name indicates the whole system will be on the entire chip. It is capable to work individually without any additional device attached to it .

Structure of System on Chip
The main part of the SoC will be a microcontroller or a processor. This will be the unit which controls all the activities of that entire chip or device. The microcontroller will be provided with memory- which includes RAM and ROM. Size of RAM and ROM vary based on the controller used. RAM is used for temporary data storage. But ROM is used for permanent data storage. ROM contains information required for the basic working of the device. But the data present in RAM will be lost when power is lost. For flexibility now ROM cells used are of flash types. The advantage of such cells is that they can be programmed more than once.

There will be some registers for storing the results of some calculations performed by the controller or processor. The size of the registers varies from 4 bits to 16 bit etc. Higher the capability higher will be the data handling capacity. Also some registers for storing the device status like carry, parity etc will also be provided. The data present in such registers determine the present state of the entire system.
The speed of operation of these devices is controlled by some external circuits called the oscillators. As the oscillating frequency increases the speed of operation also increases. But there will be a maximum speed possible for a controller. Beyond that frequency the controller will not work. There will be an internal oscillator or clock inside the crystal. But the speed of that crystal will be small. So in order to increase the speed of operation external crystals are used. As the speed increases the number of instructions executed per second increases.
Sometime there will be essential for connecting external counters and timers for generating interrupts or for counting purposes. Such provisions will also be available in the chip.

External interfaces or data communication between the chip and the surrounding is essential for data processing and other operations. This can be made through the ports provided on the chip. There will be provision for interfacing USB, Ethernet, USART, SPI etc. This will make the system powerful for data processing and data related operations.
There will be analog and digital data conversion modules within the system. In a controller or processor digital data is processed. It cannot process analog data. So the analog data input to the controller will pass through converter and make it digital. Again the processed digital data can be converted into analog in the output. So the system will be capable of handling any type of data.
An IC cannot work without power or voltage. In order to make this possible there will be a voltage regulator and power management system for powering the IC. The external voltage supplied is regulated and used for the working of IC. This will prevent voltage spikes entering into the device and protects it from damage.

This whole arrangement will be contained in a single chip. This is called system on chip. Future devices will be made by this technology. This will make that devices extra small.

How to hack ISA server: ISA SERVER As far as i could find there are two ways to bypass the ISA server one is to fool the server into thinking that you are visiting a "non-blocked" site and the other is to hack into their server machine and create an explicit filter to give your user id permissions certain site/port access. The latter can land you in trouble and get you thrown out of college/office so don't blame me :)

Here are a few steps that you can try for the former:

1. Use a proxy : There are plenty of free working public proxy servers, you can google them up and use them. eg. http://www.publicproxyservers.com/page1.html Chances are many of these sites are blocked too so you might have to try a few to get a working one.

2. Use anonymizers : You will find plenty of anonymizer sites which you can use, you need to serach for a site that is not blocked by your proxy.

3. Use alternate web urls : Like if yahoo mail is blocked, you can use the wap portal http://wap.oa.yahoo.com If nothing works and if you deem it worth to hack into the server machine then :

1. Get network admin rights (this comes handy for many other things too, not jus etting into isa server ;) ) I am not going to give you all the steps (too lazy to type all that, so as long as they come up with a perfect voice recognize engin) i can give you hints and you can google the rest up,

a. You need local admin rights on a pc on the n/w ( am assuming u are on a win2k m/c , domain based newtork) You can achieve this by : there are linux based tools that can boot your pc and reset the ram, or boot with win98 and remove ram or brute force the password with l0pht, there are plenty of other ways too.

b. now that u have local admin rights, install admin pack on the m/c , you will find this on a win2k/2k3 server cd or u can download it from the net

c. now login to the machine without a username! easiest way is edit the registry to display cmd.exe instead of the logon screensaver and run explorer.exe and you should be in without a username login.

d. run the domain users control from control panel and promote ur self to network admin or isa admin (if there is one), tip : if u find a user group with urestricted access to inet add urself to it (better still create a dummy user that u can login as this would save u from going through the rest of the steps

2. Once u have network/isa admin rights use terminal server or any remote desktop client to connect to the isa server m/c, if you dont know which m/c is your isa server its the ip u see on ie when you try to access a blocked web page.

3. Once your in the server open the isa admin console, you will find plenty of pre defined and user defined filters that block sites , domains and ports and you will find a default filter that lets u access all. Add this filter to your username(only!!) and activate it. You can also create a user defined filter based on what site or ports you want open eg., Now your good to go !

INTERNET BASICS:

NETWORKING:

In past, the computers were stand-alone systems, and transferring information from one computer to another required a tape or a disk. Resources (like CD-ROM drive, floppy drive etc.) and peripherals (like printers, scanners, plotters, etc.) of any computer could not be shared by other computers. Networking – or interconnecting the computers – was a solution for this. A network is simply the most cost-effective way to share equipment such as computers, printers and scanners that have been connected by cables. A network helps people work collectively.

A network can be as simple as connecting two computers. A large network can link hundreds or thousands of computers and peripherals in various configurations. Computer networks are available in different types.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. An office building or school usually contains a LAN.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A WAN spans a large physical distance. A WAN like the Internet spans most of the world!

Intranet

It is a network of computers within an enterprise that can share data using existing standardized www protocols.

INTERNET

Internet is a “network of networks” that links computers around the world. It allows communication across networks, i.e. one can communicate between one network and another network. This allows people to have access to information from different websites, locations or machines. It literally puts a world of information and a potential worldwide audience at your fingertips.

IMPORTANT FEATURES

Some of the facilities available on the Internet are:

• World Wide Web

The Internet application that is currently drawing the most attention is the World Wide Web. It has dramatically influenced the online world and continues to grow in popularity.

• Direct Communication

Through email (electronic mail), messages can be sent to or received from any part of the world within a few minutes.

• Round-The-Clock Availability

Information on the Internet is available to the users 24 hours a day

• Central Repository of Data

The Internet is like a huge central warehouse of data that can be accessed by people from all over the world.

• Search Engines

They are like dictionaries which help you get any information from all over the world within few minutes

• Advertisement

A company can advertise its products/services

• E-Commerce

The Internet is increasingly being used for carrying out money transactions. Through the Internet you can shop and pay through your credit card or ask your bank to transfer your money to a different account, without even leaving your desk.

• Distance Learning

Several online distance learning courses are offered by Indian and foreign universities on the Internet.

• BBS and New Services

The Internet is perhaps the cheapest medium for online help. BBS Services are available on the Net through which you can ask questions and get immediate troubleshooting assistance.

• Wide Area Networks

Using the Internet, organization can collect and compile information from offices spread over a large geographical area.

• Shareware Software

Internet is also a great medium for downloading free software. You can get free games, utilities and trial versions of softwares through the Net.

 

PREREQUISITIES FOR INTERNET

Hardware

1. A computer with serial port for connecting external modem or a spare expansion slot for connecting an internal modem card.
2. A modem (internal or external), ideally a faster one (with a speed of 56 KBPS [Kilo Bytes Per Second] or more) is required. A modem converts electronic signals from your computer into analog signals (sound), which can then be sent over the telephone lines.
3. Cables with jacks and sockets to connect your modem with the computer and telephone.

Software

1. Windows – although you can use earlier versions, Windows 98 or higher version is preferable because it has inbuilt components to support Internet connectivity.
2. A web browser such as Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. A browser is a client software program that allows the user to navigate the web.

Others

1. A telephone connection
2. An Internet account. If you want to have Internet access at your home, you will need to sign on with an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Some common ISPs are MTNL and VSNL.

 

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SPEED OF INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

1. 1. Speed of the modem A modem with a minimum speed of 56kbps or higher is recommended.
2. 2. Quality of phone line Noise on the phone line running into your home can disrupt Internet connection with a modem.
3. 3. Internet traffic Web traffic tends to expand throughout the day and peaks around the early evening. If you plan to download software or wish to surf faster, schedule such activities during off-peak hours.

There are factor associated with your computer.

• A faster processor (650 MHz or higher) will allow you to surf the Web faster.
• A computer with more memory (Random Access Memory) will help t surf faster. One way to avoid slowdowns is to avoid working with other software applications while you are surfing.
• A highly fragmented hard disk can slow down Web surfing considerably. It is good practice to keep your hard drive defragmented and optimized.
• Your Web browser’s Cache is a storage area on your computer’s hard disk. As you surf, the browser stores the Web pages you visit in the cache upto the disk space limit that you have set. The browser can display cached Web pages faster since they may be retrieved from the hard disk and not from the Internet. You might want to increase your browser’s cache limit.
• To further increase your surfing speed you can surf with two or more browser windows at a time. This will enable you to read the contents of one page while allowing the other page to load in the second window. This may help to cut down the “lag time” and frustration. You may also consider turning off image loading and Java in your browser (go to Advanced tab of Internet Options in the Tools menu). This may not affect the content of the web page.

INTERNTET PROTOCOLS

People very often forget the basic protocols of network. Before we understand the internet protocols, let’s first discuss addresses. The Internet has large number of computers connected to it, from which arises the need of proper addressing system. Each computer on the network is called a host, and has a name and a number that identifies it.

IP ADDRESS

Internet Protocol (IP) address is the numeric location of your computer so that it is an identifiable machine to all the other computers connected to the Internet. The IP address is a 32-bit number divided into four octets, and these octets are written in dotted-decimal format, e.g. 11.245.196.212.

 

Nothing is as frustrating as when we have to print a important document and we see faded regions,faded text and black lines.Most of the times these issues can be easily fixed by cleaning our printer.Cleaning a printer is one of the best way of getting high quality document and pictures. Maximum no. of printer can undergo in the same cleaning procedure.If you have a larger,more complicated printer,there may be more steps in the procedure.However it is still the simple procedure to undergo. when we use a printer everyday for office reasons,the most of the time we need to do is give our printer a solid wipe down.One thing to keep in mind when wiping down a printer is to not use the cleaning items that are meant for other type of activities. The type of chemicals you should avoid include all of those mixtures that have alcohol or other harsh cleaning agents. Harsh cleaning agents can damage the printer`s electrical workings,and more times than not,they end up doing more damage than good.Stick to good cleaning methods such as a damp,non shedding towel and baby wipes.Whatever type of solutions you use make sure that water is kept away from the printer`s innards. When you going to clean your printer at that time make sure that the plug is out of the electricity. Open the front of the printer and slowly wipe the area, those area that are thick with dust. If your printer have shown black marks on the back of the paper , check inside the printer and clean any excess ink you see. Cleaning the printer cartridges is another important part of cleaning out the printer. Take out each cartridge and wipe out them gently. Make sure that not any material is left out on cartridges exit ports. You may also clean the paper receiver basket gently. It is very important that you clean your printer regularly so that you won`t have the complicated issues from your printer.