Turn off your computer by one key stroke

You can turn off your computer by pressing only one key. To turn off your computer with one key stroke please press power key of your computer after pressing power key of your keyboard your computer will be turned off. You can also put your computer in standby mode by pressing only one key. If you want to your computer be in standby mode then you can press sleep key of your keyboard which is situated beside power key.

If power key and sleep key of your computer do not work then please reinstall your motherboard software completely and after reinstalling motherboard software follow these step.

• Firstly open control panel.

• After opening control panel click on appearance and themes.

• After opening of appearance and themes click on display.

• Now display properties windows will be opened. select screen saver tab of display properties.

• Click on power button

• After clicking power button power options properties will be open.

• Choose shutdown in drop down menu of when I press the power button on my computer.

• Choose standby in dropdown menu of when I press the sleep button on my computer.

After these setting you can put your computer in standby or turn off your computer by one key stroke.

You can increase your computer speed by using your pen drive. To do this you have to set your pen drive free space as virtual memory (virtual memory is a non physical memory which behaves as RAM).To set your pen drive as virtual memory procedure is as given below.

Step 1 - Insert your pen drive in your computer and after detecting your pen drive by your computer follow step 2.

Step 2 - Right click on My Computer icon which is situated in your computer desktop as shown in figure and after that click on properties.

Step 2 - After opening of system properties click on advanced tab.

Step 3 - Now click on performance. after clicking on performance a new window will appear named as performance properties.

Step 4 - Click on advanced tab which is situated under performance window.

Step 5 - Now click on change button in virtual memory.

Step 6 - After clicking on change button a new window of virtual memory will appear. Now select your pen drive and tick on custom size.

Step 6 - Now put the value in initial size and maximum size of virtual memory. for example if your pen drive has 3000MB free space then you can put any value between 1MB to 3000MB for initial size and you can put 3000MB for maximum size (not less than initial vale but may be equal to initial value).

Step 7 – And finally after these setting click on ok button and then restart your computer.

Please note you have to leave as much blank space as you set in maximum size.You can also use or increase your free hard disk space as virtual memory.

What Is Frame Relay?

Frame relay is a wide-area networking solution that provides connectivity and communication between multiple locations supporting a variety of applications. Frame relay can help you do the following:

• Improve application and/or network performance.

• Improve network availability and reliability.

• Increase network flexibility to help reconfigure the network quickly.

• Improve network efficiency and use.

• Simplify the network architecture.

• Relegate the maintenance and management of the network to a service provider that has in-depth networking expertise.

• Save on transport, access, and equipment costs.

• Reduce operations costs and overall cost of ownership.

• Provide a migration path to other services, such as ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), IP-based (Internet Protocol-based), and VPN (Virtual Private Networks) services.

• Enable your company to achieve its strategic business and financial goals.

Telecommunications technologies continue to evolve at a rapid pace, and frame relay is no exception. Although frame relay may still be considered the “new kid on the block” in some parts of the world, it is, by far, one of the most mature packet-based technologies. In the early days, many other packet technologies experienced rocky kick-starts and were eventually forgotten, but frame relay weathered the storm and rapidly became implemented worldwide. It created enough momentum not only to propel itself but also to promote the use of complementary technologies, such as ATM, private lines or leased lines, IP-based services, the Internet, and others.

Defining Frame Relay

You can use the words “frame relay” in many different contexts. Frame relay can refer to an interface standard protocol, a switching technology, and a set of public services. When you use all three definitions of frame relay, a single sentence can be constructed: Frame relay services require a frame relay interface that supports information formatted as frame relay “frames” and transported across frame relay or cell switches.

Frame Relay: An Interface Standard Protocol

As an interface standard protocol, frame relay defines the format of the information sent across the interface. When sending information, the information is encapsulated in a frame format to build the frame. This encapsulation process is similar to sending a letter in the mail: you can think of the information as the letter and the envelope as the frame. The frames also vary in size, which is also similar to letter envelopes.

Frame Relay: A Switching Technology

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a framework of standards for understanding communications between different systems. The OSI model organizes the communications process into seven different categories. Communications follow the seven layers as information moves up the seven-layer stack, beginning at the physical transport medium (with fiber optics, coaxial cables, and copper wiring) at layer one and terminating at the application at layer seven.

Frame relay belongs to layer two of the OSI model, which is the Data Link layer. Layer two describes the format of the information and determines how the network handles the data. At this layer, some frame relay networks switch frames to deliver them to desired destinations, although some frame relay services switch cells rather than frames. Unlike frames, cells are fixed in length. During cell switching, the network accepts frames from the source and then converts the frames to fixed-length cells before placing them on the logical connection for transmission across the network. The network then converts or reconstructs the cells back to frames before delivery to the final destination.

Frame Relay: A Public Service

You can take advantage of frame relay in a private or public network implementation. A private implementation leaves the design, implementation, maintenance, and management of the frame relay network up to you. In a private network, you own the networking infrastructure, including the frame relay switches and interswitch trunking facilities to support your company’s wide-area applications. This means that you need capital to purchase the necessary frame relay equipment to build the network.

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Consider a private implementation if you have an internal networking staff that understands frame relay technology and has the expertise to operate the network.

On the other hand, a service provider or carrier owns and operates a public frame relay network. The service provider designs the network to support multiple companies that subscribe to its public frame relay service.

A frame relay service offers more than the underlying network, interfaces, and interconnections. A frame relay service may include the following:

• Network redundancy and automatic rerouting

• Multiple access alternatives

• Application- and/or protocol-specific support

• Priorities or qualities of service

• Network management

• Fault isolation and troubleshooting

• CPE (Customer Premises Equipment) and maintenance options

• Configuration and management options

• Interworking with other networks and other services

• Other enhanced features, value-added services, and complementary options

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Although you have a choice of implementing a private frame relay network or subscribing to a public frame relay service, this book primarily concentrates on the needs of end users that may not have the time, money, resources, or expertise required to implement a private network.

ROM:

ROM-Read Only Memory, as we are all using computers now and most of as doesn't know about ROM. Here i explained ROM and its types. ROM is permanently in-uilt in the computer. It is also called as "Firmware". It stores a set of instructions permanently, which instructs the computer to how to work. The permanent programs like operating system and supporting programs are stored in ROM. It performs the BIOS functions. The ROM chips uses only less power. It is a non volatile memory. It is available in high storage capacity. The processing speed is low when compared to RAM.

Types Of ROM:

There are five different types of ROM's available. They are

1.Masked ROM

2.PROM

3.EPROM

4.EEPROMS

5.Flash ROM

1.Masked ROM:

Masked ROM is  a hand wired device and it contains a pre-programmed set of data or instructions.

2.PROM:

PROM-Programmable Read Only Memory, in other words it is called as Programmable ROM. The manufacturer supply it with blank and the user must write the desired program into it once by a special process. It is one time programmable.

3.EPROM:

EPROM- Erasable Programmable ROM. As the name indicates the program can be written more than once. So it solve the problem of PROM.

4.EEPROMS:

EEPROM-Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM. It can be easily reprogrammed by the application of a small voltage. It can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly. It is more expensive then PROM. The contents in EEPROM are erased by part by part.

5.Flash ROM:

It is also called "Flash Memory". It is a non volatile memory. It is used in digital cellular phones, digital cameras, and in many devices. The data can be erased and reprogrammed into it, flash memory is used to hold control code such as BIOS in a computer.

I am sure this article is very useful.