When you pronounce the name of a country often associated with this fossilized stereotypes, its use and abuse, in the lore. The simplification involved the topic leads to a uniform and distorted image of the complex and varied realities that can offer any State which has a long history. Thus, it would seem that in Spain all the people enjoy a nap, drink wine or sangria, eat paella, like the bullfights and speak Spanish. No one can say that the previous sentence is completely false, not to be true, but that does not conform to reality, and reality in Spain is a plural concept that requires much more nuanced than this article can offer. On the lines will not be discussed here start of cuisines or morals, but of that essential part of culture posed by language and how languages are closely tied to the identity of human communities, identities, moreover are hardly comparable.
The Spanish speak Spanish, but not only Spanish, a large proportion of the population is bilingual and sometimes trilingual. Castilian, in a continuous historical progress reached every corner of the Spanish territory, crossed the seas and lodged in distant places of the Iberian Peninsula, especially in America, where it grows vigorously enrich the important collection of Spanish speakers. This Spanish language or Spanish, the two names now respond to the same language, is made possible by a wealth of dialects and varieties, some of these forms of speech will deal with this text, but will have particular responsibility of the other languages that exist on Spanish soil.
The word "dialect" motivates often defensiveness and can hurt some sensibilities, as strange reaction that we all speak a dialect, since language is always an abstract entity that encompasses the various ways in which it occurs. Is not proposed to revive the controversy and used the word "tongue" in its broadest sense, to understand that when we speak of a standard language refers to an object existing only in textbooks and dictionaries, but not in life daily, in which we communicate with our own varieties of a language distinct from others.
At present there are four, at least, the most spoken languages in Spain: three have their origin in Latin, Spanish, Catalan and Galician, the fourth is older and its origin has not been determined, it is the Basque language or Euskara (Euskara in Basque). To these can add Aranese Gascon dialect spoken in the Aran Valley, which is also an official language processing in its territory. Moreover, the Aragonese and Leon are two groups of speakers who, from the Latin, failed to gain the recognition of languages and today are considered dialects of Spanish. A map accompanies this text with the objective of bringing about in the peninsula of languages spoken in Spain and also the main dialects of Spanish in the country (the Canary Islands do not appear on the map although there is no mention of important dialect canary). However, the map would have little value unless it offered minimal historical notes on the evolution of those languages.
Prior to the arrival of the Romans and was spoken in the north of the Iberian Peninsula Basque, one that resisted the intense language romanization mainland, the South was occupied by the Turdetani, the Iberians inhabited the east and toward the century VII JC, Celts settled in the area of modern Galicia, the highland regions of Central and large areas of the South. It's easy to think that there were other people, all with their own languages. With the Roman occupation began a process of unification which introduced the Latin language in most of the territory. The Latin spoken by the inhabitants of the peninsula was called Vulgar Latin, with influences from the previous languages. Towards the V century the invasion of the Germans to adopt the new Latin and exert an influence on the language of the Romans. Subsequently, the occupation of the Arab force Christians to retreat to the north of the Peninsula and settled in more protected areas and more difficult access in these areas of North and because of the lack of communication between them would evolve language differently in the various pockets of resistance and lead to different Spanish languages derived from Latin, from East to West: Catalan, Aragonese, Castilian, Leonese and Galician. The progress of Christians spread southward those languages which continued its development with obvious influences of the Arabic language. A start from the tenth century to write texts in different languages that will become the evidence of his independence from the Latin and between them.
The current status of the languages spoken in Spain is very uneven, Spanish is spoken throughout the country and also from the Transition to Democracy in the last quarter century, there has been a process of recognition and recovery of different cultural and linguistic identities, with obvious difficulties, have resisted pressure for a long time it was only officially recognized language. The map is intended to reflect the geographic location of the main dialects of Spanish in the Iberian Peninsula and also of languages other than Spanish and, therefore, the least known. The following lines try to outline some circumstances of each of these languages.
Catalan
It is considered that the Catalan spoken appears between the eighth and ninth centuries. The first written texts in Catalan, which are documented twelfth century, are the "Liber iudiciorum, translation into Catalan of a Visigothic law code, and" Homilies d'Organyà, the first text written directly in Catalan, which discussed some passages from the Gospels. The Catalan language was the language of the Crown of Catalonia-Aragon, constantly expanding Mediterranean power in the Middle Ages. Between the XIII and XV was taken to the Balearic Islands and Valencia, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples and Greece. The literary educated in Catalan suffered a decline since the sixteenth to the eighteenth century but never stopped talking. Since the nineteenth century a new stage of literary splendor and standardization that will give way to setting the rules of this language during the twentieth century.
Currently, the Catalan language is spoken in four European countries: Spain, the regions of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, Valencia, Aragon and Murcia (the "Strip" of Aragon, formed by the surrounding areas of Catalonia three Aragonese provinces, and the Carxe, territory close to the Valencian Community); Andorra, which is the only official language, France, in five regions integrated into the Department of Pyrenees-Orientales, Italy, l'Alghero and Alghero, city of Italy, Sardinia, province of Sassari.
It is estimated that the Catalan language is understood by nine million people and is spoken by more than seven million people, making it the seventh European language on the number of speakers.
In 1861, Manuel Milà i Fontanals established the Catalan dialect division into two parts, West and East, mainly based on phonetic criteria. Eastern Catalan together four dialects: Roussillon, central, Balearic Algherese and their sub-dialects. Western Catalan Catalan is divided into north-western "and Valencian.
In Valencia, for political reasons, the Valencian Catalan or Valencian language called officially.
Galician
The Galician language was formed in the zone between north and south of the Rio Minho. In the twelfth century the northern Urraca was given to his father, Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon, who assigned the southern area from the Minho to the Tagus, to her other daughter, Dona Teresa. The extreme rivalry between the two resulted in the subsequent independence of Portugal and the border between the two kingdoms favored the progressive splitting of the Galician-Portuguese in two different languages from the fifteenth century. During the thirteenth century, Galician-Portuguese, was the language of poetry along with Provencal. For this reason, Alfonso X, which led to a definite contribution of the Spanish language, wrote his poems in Galician-Portuguese language as this is the most prestigious for the composition in verse. After this golden age suffered centuries of decline, but not stopped talking, and resurfaced in the nineteenth century with the Romantic writers.
Galician is spoken by more than two million people and its standardization process has caused a controversy between those who defend the current situation of the language and those who would like a closer to the Portuguese. This latter language has a presence on Spanish territory in some border areas of Castilla and Extremadura.
Basque or Euskera
The oldest language among which are spoken in Spain has nearly a million speakers. Its territory occupies most of the Basque Country and the northern half of Navarra and runs through France, the Netherlands Department of the Pyrenees, where it reaches one hundred thousand speakers.
His situation is very different from the other languages mentioned:
First, its origin is uncertain, some theories suggest a kinship with the Caucasian languages spoken between Russia and Turkey, other study its relationship with some African languages, neither of the two theories can be based on acceptable evidence and the origin of this language remains an enigma. It is known that is not an Indo-European language that was spoken before the Roman conquest of the peninsula in a large area of the North, between Cantabria and the Aran valley minimum ("Aran" is a place name of Basque origin, "plow" means valley).
Secondly, Euskera has no secular literary tradition of the Romance languages, the Basques used the Castilian language of culture for a long time and was for centuries Euskera locked in a rural family.
The revival of the language, which began in the nineteenth century, prompted a literature that has gained momentum and has already prestigious authors.
There are seven varieties of Euskera, from them is called Euskera unified "batua" currently being taught in schools in the Basque Country.
Aranese
The Aran Valley is an area in the central part of the Pyrenees, in the Catalan province of Lleida. The registered population is around 7,000. The situation of the valley, facing France, and its difficult access for centuries from Catalonia and Aragon favored the preservation of the language Aran, which is actually a dialect of Gascon.
The Occitan language belongs to the Romance languages or Latin-and consists of five dialect groups: the Provencal, the Limousin, the languedocino, the Auvergne and Gascony. Of the five groups, the Catalan is farthest from the Gascony. Gascon is a set of dialects, missing some French spoken in Gascony. Aranese is one of those dialects, but their isolation and the fact that it has lost give legal treatment of language, and is recognized as an official language of the Aran Valley in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which also recognizes the autonomy and their own institutions Valley (Conselh Generau d'Aran).
Aranese is the language of instruction in all preschools and primary Aran Valley. The native population of the Aran Valley speaks, therefore, three languages.
Respect it is recalled that the Spanish is the official language of Spain and co-official in communities where other languages are spoken by Spaniards who have been recognized in their respective statutes of autonomy. It has several dialects in the Spanish territory, including: the Aragonese (held in the valleys near the Pyrenees), Leonese, Asturian or Bable (actually it is a set of dialects very close together, called likely, spoken in Asturias) and southern dialects as the Andalusian (set of common features have spoken), canary, Extremadura (Spanish-based dialect and influence of Leon) and Murcia (Spanish-based dialect, but with many features of Aragon and of Valencia). Moreover, the dividing line between the north of Aragon and Catalonia has an area of Catalan and Aragonese transition, which can highlight the Benasque.
To conclude this brief should be mentioned slang variant of Romani spoken by Gypsies and Arabic dialects spoken in the African territories of Ceuta, Melilla and in areas that are hosting large numbers of North African immigrants in recent years .
Final clarification and references
Begin this installment with a surprise for my good friends in the Spanish capital. It seems difficult to find something more traditional and typically the castizo chotis Madrid, right? For the truth is that, at least from the etymological point of view, it would be rather difficult to find a foreign word that.
Among the popular dances of the British farmers, generically called country dances (or contra) in the early eighteenth century, became popular in France one from Scotland, to the accompaniment of bagpipes, and our neighbors gave the name Transpyrenean anglaise or Ecossais (Scotland).
Between 1800 and 1830, this dance, and French style, it became very popular in Germany, where musicians like Beethoven, Schubert and Chopin Ecossais composed for piano. Around the same time, and evolution of the Scottish dance had received through France, was born in Germany Ecossais variant which was named Schottische (German word meaning "Scottish") and was not fashionable more than a couple of generations, it was displaced in 1840 by the origins Czech polka.
More fortunate was this dance, the Schottische, outside the Germanic area, then walked straight across Europe to fashion a strong foothold in Spain, especially Madrid, where at the end of the last century was to become the favorite dance of chulapos and chulapas. Thus, the Schottische, chotis learn Spanish and became musical hallmark of the popular classes in Madrid and has remained so to this day, that piece is still required in any self-respecting popular festival.
These things have the etymology, so naughty, that from the German translation of the French name of a Scottish dance, can give birth to the most traditional of the words.
As for Scotland Yard, is only a small street in the heart of London, between Trafalgar Square and the Thames, housed in a palace in time to be staying the kings of Scotland (Scotland English) when attending England's capital. When, in 1829, Sir Robert Peel founded the Metropolitan Police, the first modern police force in the world, bringing its headquarters at No. 4 Whitehall Place, which opened onto the back alley of Scotland Yard, and he knew her name London town quickly.
And that name has remained until now, but for more than a century that left his former Scotland Yard Scotland Yard headquarters and modern facilities. Indeed, the Metropolitan Police in 1890 moved to a new building ("New Scotland Yard") located within walking distance, at the Victoria Embankment, and in 1967 moved again, this time a little more south of the City, near the Westminster Abbey. It is difficult, however, end with the traditions, so that despite many moves, both in England and abroad, everyone, without exception, continues to call Scotland Yard to the Metropolitan Police of London
A gift Granny -Birthday celebrate
Ashok and Anita live in a big town. They visit their granny every summer. She lives on top of a hill.
Their trip to the market
Granny- children, will you go to Mahesh Reddy’s shop for me?
Anita and Ashok- of course, we will.
Granny- you can walk to the shop. It’s not far. Be careful when you cross the main road. Granny gave Anita the money and a list. Ashok and Anita walked down the hill and reached the main road.
They crossed it and soon saw Mahesh Reddy’s shop. Mahesh Reddy was behind the counter.
Ashok- can we have three cakes of soap please?
Mahesh- I will give sure.
Ashok- we would also like a kilogram of salt, a kilogram of sugar and a loaf of bread.
Mahesh- here you are. That will be thirty eight rupees.
Anita- what are those packets?
Mahesh- they are marigold seeds.
Anita- oh, Ashok, shall we buy them? It is Granny’s birth day tomorrow.
Mahesh- one packet costs five rupees.
Ashok- yes, we can buy one packet.
Anita- it will be a good gift for her. She loves to plant things in her garden.
The children bought a packet of seeds and went home happily. Next morning when they woke up, they ran to granny. She was sitting out of the verandah, reading the newspaper.
Ashok- good morning, granny!
Anita- happy birthday, Granny!
Ashok- we have something for you.
Ashok- we hope like it!
They gave the packet of seeds to Granny. Her eyes lit up.
Granny- thank you, children! This was just what I wanted. Now my garden will look beautiful with garden marigolds blooming.
Anita and the elephant
An elephant has entered a park. What does Anita do?
`There is an elephant loose!’ shouted Jim, rushing into school playground. `I just heard a man say so. It is escaped from the circus,’ said
`Oh, what a shame!’ said Anita.
She loved flowers, and she could not bear to think of the elephant’s great feet trampling and breaking them all.
`They have sent for men with sticks,’ said Jim. `They will scare that bad elephant properly. I would not mind chasing him my self.’
`But elephants are nice,’ said Anita. `I rode on one many times at the zoo.
They are gentle and kind. They cannot help being big and having enormous feet. I think it is horrid to send for men with sticks!’
`All right, then you go and get the elephant out of the park!’
Jim Said. `Go on! See if it will come and eat out of your hand follow you’.
Anita stood listening to Jim. She was about to tell him that an elephant had eaten out of her at the zoo when she had given him a bun. Then a grand idea came into her head!
As son as school was over, she rushed home and changes her clothes. Then she went to the baker’s shop near her house.
I Seen: Bakery shop
Anita: - please give me some buns big enough to feed an elephant.
II seen: It is Zoo Park
Anita- now, where did that elephant go? Jim sad it was in the park. I hope those men with the sticks have not scared it way.
III seen: Elephant
Anita: - come, jumbo. Do you want some buns? Come Anita, jumbo.
IV seen: with elephant
Come, Jumbo. Come to Anita. Do you like buns? Anit’s got some big fresh buns for you.
V seen: near the elephant
Anita- come, jumbo. Have a bun. You must be angry.
VI seen: Anita, near the trunk
Look, is eating out of Anita’s hand. Call the keeper.
VII seen: Zoo Park employs.
You are a brave little girl. Would you like a ride back to school?
VIII seen: school children
Look! Here’s she’s sitting on the elephant’s back.
Mr. Reddy’s eldest daughter was to be married. Mr. and Mrs. Reddy were old and could not be expected to run about to make the necessary wedding arrangements. They did not have any close relatives who could have helped them out.
The booking of the hall and the other arrangements for the ceremony were done by a friendly neighbor, Mohan Rao, his wife, Pramilaben and their son, Anil. Now one important thing left to be taken care of was the overall supervision of all the relevant details. The younger sons of Mr. Reddy, Ramesh and Mahesh, who were in standard VII and standard VIII respectively, took up the challenge told their parents; `please don’t worry, we will take uncle’s and aunty’s help and manage everything.
We will take your advice, if there is any problem. Both of you just relax and guide us; we will attend to everything.’ Mr. and Mrs. Reddy were very happy with the confidence that the boys showed. They said, `We are indeed, lucky to have sons like you. As you know, our neighbors have already come forward and offered to help. Mohan Rao and Pramilaben and their son have already made the more important arrangements; they will certainly help us to accomplish the details of the wedding ceremony. So the two of you have to ensure that all our gusts are well looked after and that both reception and the diner are a great success.’
Ramesh and Mahesh were quite happy that their parents had entrusted them with these responsibilities. They gladly accepted the challenge and told their parents, `father and mother, put all your fears behind you; we shall organize everything carefully and ensure that there is no problem anywhere.’ They bowed to their parents and prepared themselves for action. The wedding was on the next day.
They discussed with Mohan Rao and Pramilaben all the details of the plans for the hall, reception and the wedding ceremony. Mohan Rao contacted all those to whom contacts were given and got the timings of thee delivery of the articles confirmed. Ramesh and Mahesh assembled a group of volunteer boys to receive the guests and girls to distribute flowers and give haldikumkum to the ladies. While gathering volunteers for the occasion, the two boys communicated with them so well that they got ready cooperation from each and every volunteer.
The bridegroom’s party arrived and they were cordially received by Mr. and Mrs. Reddy Ramesh and Mahesh, Mohan Rao and Pramilaben and Anil. The volunteers helped in every possible way to make the quests comfortable. Then, some of the volunteers, Pramilaben and Mrs. Reddy prepared the bride for the wedding ceremony with great skill and efficiency.
The wedding ceremonies were over and it was time for the reception. Besides the volunteers at the gate, Ramesh and Mahesh also stood at the entrance. They greeted every visitor with a warm smile. They bowed to the elderly visitors and put them at ease, and took them to meet their parents. They were particular to see that each and every visitor was given respectable treatment. They guided the caterers with a friendly smile but were firm about the quality of service. Their calm and polite conduct and their effective communication skills made them the centre of attraction and admiration.
At the end, Ramesh and Mahesh thanked the volunteers for their cooperation and help. They bowed to the elders in difference and gratitude. It was time for their sister to leave for her in-law’s house. They joined the guests in bidding her goodbye.
Ramesh and Mahesh were very happy. They thanked God for all that they cloud achieve. They prayed for the welfare and happiness of their sister and for the health of their parents.
Veteran actress Nutan is the most adored actress by the film connoisseurs even years after her demise. This beautiful actress with her radiant smile, expressive eyes and natural acting made her mark in the golden age of cinema.
Nutan is by far India's most perceptive and attractive actress. She has performed every role with superiority and grace. Her face had no bad angles and hence she was described as " a cameraman's dream" by late make-up maestro Sarosh Mody. She had the most piercing screen eyes. This respected bollywood actress appeared in several successful moviesof the 50s and 60s. She was highly appreciated for her acting abilities and she gained an identity as an adepted dramatic actress. She had the record of winning five Filmfare Awards for best actress.
Nutan Samarth was born in June 1936 in Mumbai. She came from a highly educated and cultured family. Her father, Kumarsen Samarth was the deputy publicity officer with films division. While her mother, Shobhana Samarth, was a leading actress of that era. Nutan was the eldest child of actress shobhna Samarth. Her younger sister Tanuja is also an actress. Her parents separated when she was still a child.
Nutan started her career as actress as a 14yr child in home production Hamari Beti ( 1950). In 1952 she won the Miss India title. She decided to take a break in the mid 50s and flew to Switzerland to pursue studies. While she was there, producer S. Mukherjee gave her an offer for the film Seema. Seema was a blockbuster and career graph of Nutan raised making her a huge star. In 1959, she married naval lieutenant commander Rajnish Behl and was blessed with son named Mohnish Behl.
Nutan not only had a graceful personality and acting skills but also had a sweet voice. In 1960 film Chhabli she sang 'Aye Mere Humsafar'. She also sang many devotional songs. In her later years she spend most of her time in her dairy farm, antique laden home, piloting her son's career, bhajan singing and search for spirituality. Her health took a worse turn in 1989. She developed cancer of the liver and left for heavenly abode in 1991 at the age of 54. Her narrative as a human being is depicted in a book called, " Nutan - Asen Mi Nasen Mi " written by Lalita Tamhane.
Nutan's Five Award winning Films:
1) Seema:
Seema is the film that first brought front Nutan's ability as an actress.Her portrayl of a juvenile delinquent in the film earned her massive applause. The film was written, produced and directed by Amiya Chakravorty. In Seema, her face was myriad of expressions. it was a brilliant performance which gave Nutan her first filmfare award for best actress.
Seema is a story of Gauri, a girl from poor family. She lost her parents at childhood and lived with her uncle and aunt. One day one of the servent steals a necklace of a child and blames Gauri for that. Police comes and arrests Gauri. The judge gives bail but Gauri wants to take revenge. Police again arrests her and sends her to an ashram / remand home. Babuji, played by Ashok Kumar is the head of the ashram. Gauri likes him and falls in love with him. Babuji suffers from heart disease and wants Gauri to get married with his brother, but his brother wants his elder brother to get married with Gauri. Finally Babuji marries Gauri.
The music for the lyrics written by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri, is beautifully composed by Shankar-Jaikishan. The melodies like, ' tu pyar ka sagar hai', 'suno chotisi gudiya ki lambi kahani' , 'manmohana bade jhoothe' became the classic hits.
2) Sujata:
Sujata was released in 1959. The film was produced and directed by Bimal Roy. The simple story is brilliantely handled by the director. Nutan, who played the character of Sujata lives the role. The film also starred Sunil Dutt, Shashikala and Lalita Pawar. Sujata is a story of romance between a Brahmin young man, Adheer played by sunil Dutt and an untouchable woman Sujata. Sujata was unwillingly adopted by a couple, Upendra and Charu. Upendra loves the little girl and names her Sujata. Charu cannot bring herself to love the girl beacuse she is an untouchable. Sujata falls in love with Adhir, a brahmin by caste. One day Charu falls downstairs and is rushed to hospital. Blood of rare group is required to save her life. Fortunately Sujata's blood group matches and she willingly donates her blood. Charu recovers and realises her mistake. Finally Adhir and Sujata gets married.
The film has a Manipuri dance beautifully choreographed by Little Ballet troupe. The music is composed by S.D Burman and the lyrics are written by MAjrooh Sultanpuri. The wonderful songs like, 'sun mere bandhu re', 'hawa dhere ana', 'jalte hain jiske liye' are hits till today. Nutan got her second filmfare award for Best actress in Sujata. The film was even nominated in the Cannes Film Festival in 1960.
3) Bandini:
Bandini was released in 1963. The film tells the story of an unusual prisoner named Kalyani. It tries to explore the sufferings and sacrifices of a strong yet weak Indian women. Kalyani is imprisoned in India because she falls in love with a freedom fighter Bikas, played by Ashok Kumar, during British raj. Bikas leaves her in the village and never comes back. While in prison, the jail doctor Deven, played by Dharmendra falls in love with Kalyani. They are always shown in partition after Deven proposes her. The climax beautifully expresses the dilema of Kalyani to choose between Bikash and Deven. The character of Kalyani gets lifted from that of a woman who is a prisoner to one who defines her own freedom.
The film is directed by Bimal Roy. S.D Burman composed the music for the film and sang a few songs. The film has songs like, 'mora gora ang lai le', 'o janewale ho sake to laut ke ana', ' main bandini pyar ki', ' mmere sajan hai us par'. Nutan won her third filmfare award for Bandini.
4) Milan:
Milan was released in 1967. the film was a remake of a Telgu film Mooga Manshalu. It is among the earliest film based on the theme of reincarnation. Milan is a story of Radha, played by Nutan, the beautiful daughter of rich zamindar. She is ferried across the river by a young boatman Gopi, played by Sunil dutt. In the course of this daily travels, a strong and sweet bond of love develops between them which the society decides a s unusual. The climax of the movie is very touchy in which Radha and Gopi ends there life by drowning in the river. But they meet again and again in every reincarnation.
The film is directed by A. subba Rao and was released in India in Hindi and Bengali. The music is composed by Laxmikant - Pyarelal. Soft and sweet melodies like, 'sawan ka mahina', hum tum yug yug se ye geet', 'ram kare aisa ho jaye'captured the heart and became the most memorable scores of the duo. Nutan won her fourth filmfare award for this film.
5) Main tulsi Tere angan Ki:
Mein Tulsi Tere Angan ki was released in 1978 and was produces by Raj Khosla. It is based on the marathi novel 'Ashi Tujhe Preet' The film starred Nutan as Sanjukta Chauhan, Vinod Khanna as Ajay Chauhan and Asha Parekh as Tulsi. Tulsi, a prostitute falls in love with Thakur Rajnath singh played by Vijay Chauhan but the chauhan family is against this marriage. Tulsi accepts the family's opposition. She gives birth to a child named Ajay and passes away. Rajnath gets married to Sanjukta. Sanjukta acknowledges Tulsi's contribution in her husband's life and raises Ajay as her own child.
The music for the film is composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal and has songs like , 'mein tulsi tere angan ki', 'saiyan rooth gaye'. The film won Nutan her fifth Filmfare award for best actress.
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Subcategories
Festivals
The category focusses on festivals followed at different places of the world.
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