Utter Pradesh or U.P., as it is called, is large north Indian state. A large part of the state is a plain. It is crossed by the Ganga, the river, the Yamuna and many other smaller rivers. Most of these originate in the Himalayas. When the rains come =, the rivers often flood. They spread silt over the land. This helps to make the soil rich ad goods for growing crops.

The summer in U.P. is very hot. A dry dusty wind called `loo’ blows from morning till late evening. Ponda and lakes dry up and the rivers become narrow streams. With the start of the rainy season in June the land becomes green again. The rain usually falls in fairly heavy showers. These some times last a few ours, sometimes a few days. In between the showers, the sun shines strongly. The winters are cold but sunny. Very little rain falls during this season.

Most of the people of U.P. are farmers. A few farmers have large fields and own tractors. But many especially in the eastern part of the state are very poor. Their fields are dug by ploughs pulled by bullocks. Well water is lifted in buckets.

Many crops are grown in U. P. in winter or Rabi seasons most farmers plant wheat. Rice is grown in the monsoon or Kharif season when there is enough water to flood the fields. Maize is sown at the end of winter and harvested during the monsoon. During this season `bhuttawalas’ are a common sight. They sit by the side of a road selling freshly-roasted `bhuttas’ maize. All kinds of dals are grown in the state. Ground-nuts or peanuts are also grown. The nuts are crushed for oil. The oil is made into vegetable ghee. Some nuts are roasted and sold on the streets. The area around Lucknow is famous for mangoes, melons and `paan’ leaves.

U.P. grows most sugar-cane in India. The cane is planted n small square fields. After the land has been ploughed, short pieces o cane are planted. These pieces are laid flat, not standing. From the nodes at the joints on each piece, new shoots come out. When fully grown, the plant is two meters tall. Cutting or harvesting takes place in the winter months. The canes are loaded into bullock carts or trucks and are taken to sugar mills close by. There they are crushed and the juice is made into sugar and jaggery or `gur’.

There are many big small industries in the state. There are cotton and woolen mills; leather factories where shoes, bags and suitcases are made; there are also scooter, radio, paper, cement and carpet factories; factories for making machines, aircraft parts and medicines. Important factory towns are Kanpur, Meerut and Ghaziabad. Kanpur stands on the right Bank of the Ganga. It has many factories where cotton and woolen cloth, sugar and leather goods are made. It also has an aircraft factory. There is a locomotive factory near Varanasi. Agra is known for the manufacture of carpets, shoes and leather goods.

U.P. also has many `cottage industries’. In a cottage industry an article is made in a person’s home and not in a factory or mill. This is because no heavy or expensive machines are needed. Some important cottage industries are `chikan’ embroidery in Lucknow, silk sarees with gold or silver borders in Varanasi, brassware in Moradabad.

There are many old and famous cities in U.P. Lucknow, the capital of the state, stands on the banks of the river Gomati. It is a city of gardens and old and beautiful buildings like the `imambaras’. Many foreign visitors go to Agra to see the lovely Tajmahal. Allahabad and Varanasi are holy cities of India as the river Ganga flows through these.

Uttaranchal state

Uttaranchal, a new state, has been created out of utter Pradesh. Its capital is the beautiful hill station Dehradun. Dehradun is also famous for delicious `lichies’.

The region is extremely hilly and heavily forested. The Himalayan belt runs along the whole northern border of Uttaranchal. It consists of several ranges. The outermost range is the Shivalik. It has hill resorts like mussorie, lands down and josh math. Other famous hill stations of Uttaranchal are Nainital Mukteswar, Ranikhet, Almora and Kassani. Terrace farming and animal rearing are the main occupations of the people. Haridwar, one of the holiest places of pilgrimage in India is in Uttaranchal. Haridwar is the area where the river Ganga descends to the plains. Other important holy shrines in this region are Kedarnath and Badrinath. Yamnotri, the source of Yamuna and Gangotri, the source of Ganga are also found in this region.

Close to the foothills, near Ramnagar in the national district is the Corbett national park, a wildlife sanctuary. Elephants, tigers, leopards, hyenas and varieties of deer are found here.

Uttaranchal also has rich deposits of bauxite.

A protest meeting against this outrageous act British government was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on the 13th April, 1919. The meeting was attended by thousands of men, women and children. The government handed over Amritsar to the army under the command of general dyer, who was not in favor of thi9s meeting. There was just one entrance to the park which was blocked by the British army on the orders of general dyer. The he orders of general dyer. Then he ordered his troops to open fire on the innocent people. The unarmed people had no way of escaping. More than a thousand people were killed and many thousands were injured. It was the cold blooded murder of innocent people. The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh was an act of severe brutality. The entire country was shocked and pledges to fight the powerful British with all their might.

A wave of anger swept through the country after Jallianwala Bagh massacre. By this time, Gandhi had become the real leader of the congress. He started the non- cooperation movement in 1920. According to this movement, people were asked not cooperative with the British government and they started deliberately breaking the laws.

Thousand of teachers, students left their collages.

Lawyers boycotted low courts.

Hundreds of people left their government jobs.

People refused to pay taxes and boycotted all foreign goods.

Lawyers like Motilal Nehru and C.R Das gave up their profession.

S.C Bose resigned from the Indian civil service.

The non – cooperation movement was a great success. The British government tried to curb this movement. Many leaders were arrested. There were lathi charges at many places. But Gandhi decided to remain non- violent and wanted that the whole movement should be peaceful.

*This incident was great sorrowful in the history.

Akbar AD 1542to 1605 was a great Mughal ruler. He was the grand son of Babar, the first Mughal ruler of India. Akbar’s full name was Jalal-ud-din-Akbar. He ruled about four hundred years ago. When he became the emperor of India he was only thirteen.

He fought several battles and built a large empire covering almost the whole of India.

He loved both the Hindus and the Muslims. He respected all the religions. He abolished Jizia tax and pilgrim tax. Jizia was a tax that a Muslim king imposed on his non- Muslims subjects.

Akbar was a great builder. He built many beautiful buildings in Agra, Lahore, Ajmer and other places. He built the fort of Agra and a host of buildings at Fatehpur sikri. Some of the best buildings in this city care Buland Darwaza, Panch, Mahal and Ibadatkhana. He promoted art, music, literature and culture. He had many poets, writers and singers in his court.

Brinbal was one of the nine Jewels in Akbar’s court. Some of the other Jewels of his court were Mansinsh, Tadarmal, and Tansen. Ramcharimanasa was written by Tulisidas during in his period.

The famous emperor Akbar had a close friend called Birbal. Birbal had a sharp and intelligent mind. In addition, he was always ready with a witty remark. Akbar was so amused by his wit and his cleverness that he insisted Birbal stay at the palace. Wherever Akbar went, Birbal went too. There are consequently many stories made up about Birbal.

Darbar was held

Akbar laughed heartily when he read the letter sent to him by the king of Burma. Even the nobles were amused. They readily granted the fact that Birbal was extremely intelligent and that Akbar was wise to have him as a close friend. ``I knew that he would find a way out’’ said Akbar, ``else I would not have sent him. But now, my dear Birbal, you will have to help me draft a long letter in which I shall have to reassure my brother, the king of Burma. I don’t want him to believe that I am really so greedy that I want his kingdom as well’’.

Hyderabad is a one of the big city in India. It is old city and best city. Now it is greater city. There developed information technology.

It was ruled by nawabs. There was a great history.

The Two Famous constructed building Thajmahal in north Chraminar in south. These were bullied by muslin rulers’ .Chraminar old city of Hyderabad. Chraminar means four towers. Golekond is out of city area fort on hills. Hyderabad is capital city of andhra Pradesh. Biriyani is one of the taste foods in Hyderabad. It is non vegetarian meals prepared by the meat.

Chraminar near to the nayapul center it is on the musinadi border. A big chapel markets a museum and high court is there. A big day and night restaurant name of mouthy is to the very nearest.

To imagine this 400-year-old city without Chraminar is to imagine New York without the Statue of Liberty or Moscow without the Kremlin. Built by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1591, shortly after he had shifted his capital from Golkond to what now is known as Hyderabad, this beautiful colossus in granite, lime, mortar and, some say, pulverised marble, was at one time the heart of the city.

There is a one big lake in the middle city. That name is Husensagar.

Buddha is great god. You love truly. Strict instructions in Buddha religion First his important thing that is never do non violence. What is the world? Knows mainly to tell this life is not permanent body will be smashed. So live holy.

This is the World’s Largest Monolith Statue of Buddha in Hyderabad.

Charminar is a squarish structure with four towers in the four corners of the square, each of whose sides is 20 meters in length. Every side opens into a plaza through giant arches, which overlook four major thoroughfares and dwarf other features of the building except the minarets. Each arch is 11 meters wide and rises 20 meters to the pinnacle from the plinth. The minarets soar skywards by 24 meters from the roof of Chraminar. Each minaret has four storeys, each looking like a delicately carved ring around the minaret. Some Anglophiles call Chraminar the Arc de Triomphe of the East. From the ground to the apex, the minarets cover a length of 48.7 meters.

It is Located at a distance of 13 Kilometers from Hyderabad. Giaconda fort is a majestic monument, which lies on the western outskirts of Hyderabad city. Built by Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah in 1525, it stands as the epitome of Nawabi culture and grandeur Golconda is built on a granite hill 120m high, and is surrounded by crenulated ramparts constructed of large masonry blocks weighing several tones

One of the most remarkable features of Golconda is its system of acoustics- a hand clap at a certain point below the dome at the entrance reverberates and can be heard clearly at the 'Bala Hissar', the highest point almost a kilometer away, palaces, factories, water supply system and the famous 'Rahban' cannon, that was used during the last seize of Golconda by Aurangazeb, to whom the fort ultimately fell.

There is an international air port named Rajeevghandi Aerodrome.