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FAT - File Allocation Table

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File Allocation Table (FAT) is a partially patented file system developed by Microsoft for DOS and was the primary file system for consumer versions of Microsoft Windows up to and including Window ME. FAT as it applies to flexible/ floppy and optical disk cartridges (FAT 12 and FAT 16 without long file name support) .

History of FAT:

The FAT file systems  was created by Bill Gates and Marc McDonald in 1977 for managing disks in Microsft Disk BASIC. In August 1980 Tim Paterson incorporated FAT into is 86-DOS operating system for the S-100 8086 CPU boards; the filesystem was the main difference between 86-DOS and is redecessor, CP/M

The name originates from the usage of a table which centralizes the information about which areas belong to files, are free or possible unusavel, and the where each file stored on the disk. To reduce the management complexity, disk space is allocated to files in contiguous groups of hardware sectors called clusters. The maximum possible number of clusters had dramatically increased over time, and the number of bits required to identify a cluster is used to name the successive major versions of the format. The FAT standard has also evolved in serveral ways where backward compatibility with existing software has been preserved.

Ten Software Cleaning Tools

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I've put together ten products I've found interesting and helpful. You can't go wrong with them.

 

-- System Mechanic: http://www.iolo.com/sm/index.cfm

Iolo Technologies publishes System Mechanic, an award-winning collection of tools that help clean your system. Some of its tools fix shortcuts, clean and

optimize the Registry, defragment disks, optimize memory, remove duplicate files, block pop-ups, and remove some spyware. This is one great set of tools!

 

--  Window Washer: http://www.webroot.com/wb/products/windowwasher/index.php

Window Washer is a system cleaner that helps maintain your privacy. It removes information collected with browsing, such as your cache, cookies, history,

deleted e-mails, and so on. It also cleans your Recycle Bin, program run histories, recent documents lists, and the like.

 

--  Spring Cleaning: http://www.aladdinsys.com/win/springcleaning/ index.html

Spring Cleaning, from Aladdin Systems, is a comprehensive system cleaner. It uninstalls and removes unwanted programs, cleans the Registry, finds and

cleans duplicate files, removes plug-ins, and eliminates cookies. It also includes complete undo capability to protect against accidental file erasure.


--  McAfee VirusScan Professional: http://us.mcafee.com/root/package.asp?pkgid=145

VirusScan is one of the largest selling anti-virus programs. It automatically scans e-mail, attachments, and downloads, then immediately starts cleaning

infections. The Professional version of the software comes with a two-user license (to protect two systems), system cleanup functions, and a security file

eraser.

 

--  Bit Defender : http://www.bitdefender.com/

Bit Defender protects e-mail, instant messages, and other files by recognizing and removing viruses automatically. The software also recognizes and alerts

you to the presence of spyware and other hacking programs. It includes advanced tools for data recovery and secure file deletion. Bit Defender provide you

three products - -  Total Security, Internet Security, Antivirus. All the products are very useful. You can choose the appropriate one by visitng the link above.



-- Spybot Search & Destroy: http://www.safer-networking.org

Without a doubt, Spybot S&D is the best spyware detection and removal software available. To top it off, it’s free. Constantly updated, the software recognizes

and removes a huge number of spyware programs from throughout your system. With the recent addition of the TeaTimer, it can even provide real-time

continuous protection against surreptitious spyware activities.


-- Popup Ad Filter: http://www.meaya.com

Popup Ad Filter, from Meaya Software, works with Internet Explorer to block ads while you’re browsing the Web. It can be configured to allow pop-ups from

specific sites and logs all the sites from which pop-ups were blocked. The filter’s easy to install and easy to use.


-- Super Ad Blocker: http://www.superadblocker.com

Super Ad Blocker prevents not only pop-up, but also spyware, pop-under, messenger, Flash, and floating ads. Includes capabilities to clean your cookies,

cache, and browser history. Includes the ability to generate graphic reports on the quantity and type of ads blocked. Designed to work with Windows XP

Service Pack 2.

 

-- Cookie Pal: http://www.kburra.com

Cookie Pal, from Kookaburra Software, allows you to decide what types of cookies you want to accept and what type you don’t. It works with a wide number of

browsers and e-mail programs to give complete protection against unknown sites.

 

-- ZoneAlarm: http://www.zonelabs.com

Zone Labs created ZoneAlarm as personal firewall for Windows systems. It stops intruders from accessing your PC, essentially making your system invisible

to hackers. The Pro version includes a pop-up blocker and rudimentary cookie management capabilities. It also analyzes incoming and outgoing e-mail to

identify and quarantine potential viruses.

 

 

--Kuldeep Kumavat

 

Checking a Driver's Signature

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Microsoft has no control over many Device Drivers, relying upon third parties to create the drivers necessary to support its

hardware and software.Some of the developer's do a good job; other don't.

To help solve this problem, Windows created the Windows Hardware Quality Lab. This Lab tests different hardware

designed to work with windows. If the hardware passes the test, then that driver is granted a Digital Signature. This signature

is a mark of quality assurance, signifying that the driver has passed the test and can be relied upon.

Windows Xp has a tool that allows you to see whether the various drivers in your system are signed.

To run the File Signarture Verification Utility, follow these steps :

1. Choose Start→Run, enter sigverif.exe in the open box and click OK.

The welcome screen for the utility appears.

2. To use the program in the simplest way, just click start.

The program can take quite a while to run through its tests; it checks a large number of folders and directories

When the scan is complete you see a summary screen. The summary shows the unsigned files.

Figuring out what the unsigned drivers do can be a bit frustating. After all, how are you supposed to know what

(for example) acpdf207.dll  does or whether it's necessary to have it on your system.

3. Do a google search for the driver's name

Chances are good that you'll find results that indicate more information about the file. you can then decide whether to

Keep or to remove it.

4. To see a full report of the driver's checked, click the Advance button, display the logging taband click View Log .

The Log file can be very long.

5. When you finish using the File Signature Verification Utility, click the close button to exit the program.

The File Signature Verification Utility isn't limited to checking drivers; you can use it to check other files by clicking the

Advanced button and then selecting the Look For Other Files option.

 

 

Removing unwanted DLLs

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The most common extension for device drivers is  .DLL. Many .DLLs are used for other purposes. Dynamic Link Library

(DLL) is a type of file format that allows common code snippets to be shared between the Operating System and multiple

programs.The orginal ideaof a .DLL was to reduce the resources necessary for the code, just by sharing.

But now as the Hard Drives became larger, memory more plentiful, and windows bigger .DLLs also bwcame a bigger

problem. My Windows XP system has over 5600 .DLL files.

The big problem with .DLLs is keeping all the .DLLs updated. If I update on program, it wants to update the .DLLs that it

uses. If other programs use some of those .DLLs, the updated .DLLs may "Break" the other programs, which are not expecting

a change. The result of this is a greater chance for system instability-- different programs, overtime, become more prone to

crashing and malfunctioning simply because of updating .DLLs. This condition even has a name--- .DLL Hell.

Microsoft has worked hard to solve the problem of .DLL Hell. Windows XP is much more stable than the previous

versions. But increased stability does not solve the fact of having 5600+ .DLL on a system.

The solution lies in recognizing that not all of those .DLL files are necessary. The files accumulate over time ---- new

programs ( and thier .DLLs ) are installed; the .DLLs remain when the programs are removed. Orphan .DLL files are not

individually a problem, but collectively they contribute to an astounding amount of clutter. This makes the Operating System

work harder and eats up more disk space than should be eaten.

The task devovles to the user to figure out what .DLLs can be removed from a system. But this is tedious task ----

sifting throught 5600+ .DLLs to figure out which ones should be deleted is not something you want to do it manually. Thats why

program exists to do it for you called as .DLL-winnowing programs.

The .DLL winnowing programs are :

1. Registry Cleaners : These types of programs search through the windows registry, looking for ways to tidy it up. In doing so

They often make a list of deleatble .DLL files.

2. Uninstallers : Programs that specialize in uninstalling software have begun to spring up. These programs many times do a

better job of removing program remnants ---- including .DLLs --- than the built-in uninstallers provided with the software.

3. Disk Cleaners: These utilities were developed specifically to look for unused files ( including .DLL files) that can be

removed from the system.

 

You can often find good sharewares on the internet and choose the appropriate one.

 

 

--Kuldeep Kumavat

way to fast shutdown windowxp

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the way to fast shut dowing the in xp is

first press windows button which is present beside (alt) button or in between alt and control button

there press "u" from keyboard press it twice for the first press it will show shutdown button there if you press "u" it will shutdown, if you press "R" it will restart the system, if you press "S" then the system will be in standby mode it is simple yaar.

start------->U-------U=shutdown

 

 

 

 

 

 

More Articles …

  1. How To Shutdown Windows XP Faster
  2. Identify Hidden Hardware
  3. How to rename recycle bin?
  4. How to Fix corrupted files in XP?
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