Television started in India on an experimental basis on September 15, 1959 with a limited transmission of three days a week. The scope of programmes was restricted to educational broadcasts for a limited area around New Delhi. One hundred and eighty teleclubs were set up within the range of 40 km of the transmitter. Every club was provided with a television set by UNESCO. All India Radio provided the engineering and the programme software.
Government of India took initiative to start TV on an experimental basis mainly because two purposes.
- To train personals in this new technology
- To discover what television media can do to achieve community development.
Television, at this initial stage, was not considered to be a medium of entertainment but primarily an education tool. The Government of India supported the television project financially. In 1961 television programmed for teachers were started. Regular broadcasting of television programmes began in 1965. A daily one hour service started during this year.
1972-1982
The period between 1972 and 1982 saw the rapid expansion of the medium. In 1972 television services were extended to Bombay. By 1975-76 the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) brought television to 2,400 villages in backward areas of Andra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan. This project has been described as one of the largest communication experiments in the world. In 1976 television broadcasting was delinked from All India Radio and was put under an independent organisation called Doordarshan.
AFTER 1982
Doordarshan switched over to colour transmission on August 15, 1982. Besides, this year witnessed the introduction of a regular satellite link between Delhi and different transmitters. The major impetus for these developments was the Asian Games held in New Delhi in 1982.
After 1982, television facilities have been rapidly expanding and during certain periods, the country got a new transmitter each day. The number of transmitters and programme production centers has increased significantly over the years. On November 19, 1984, a second channel was launched in New Delhi. Later, on April 1, 1993 the Metro entertainment channel was started. At present, Doordarshan telecasts programmes on 19 channels. DD-1 is the primary channel, the flagship of Doordarshan.
SATELLITE INSTRUCTIONAL TELEVISION EXPERIMENT (SITE)
Indian Television programming has been consistent with social, agricultural, economic and political aims of the government right from its inception in 1959. Taking their cues from Indian politicians, programming executives put aside the entertainment value of television in favour of its instructive and educational usefulness.
This bias for wholesome, practical and educational television became far more evident in 1975 when Doordarshan, still a part of AIR, launched the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), one of the most ambitious experiments in television history. SITE was the brain child of Vikram Sarabhai, the brilliant physicist and chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission. Sarbhai persuaded the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) and the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to work together to bring satellite-based television to India. He also signed an agreement that provided India access to NASA’s Application Technology Satellite (ATS-6) to conduct the one year experiment.
From August 1, 1975 to July 31, 1976, Doordarshan used ATS-6 satellite to beam farm, health and hygiene, and family planning programmes 4 hours each day to 2400 villages in rural India. SITE was also used to telecast entertainment programmes, consisting chiefly of rural art, music, and dance. For the most part, since very few people had their own sets, they watched SITE programmes in communal areas where TV sets were specifically set up for viewing purposes.
SITE’s primary agenda was not only to educate people about solutions to the country’s problems, but also to unify the diverse and multilingual audiences country by exposing them to one another’s cultures.
SITE programmes were produced at production centres in New Delhi, Hyderabad, and Cuttack with the help of university teachers, social workers, and other experts. Some of the programmes were also produced by the Indian Space and Research Organization (ISRO), a wing of the DAE. ISRO was also responsible for installing and servicing the television sets used for the experiment. These sets, for the most part, consisted of ordinary television sets that were each provided with a front-end converter and a chicken-mesh antenna for receiving satellite signals.
SITE’s results were more modest than its designs. According to a 1980 report by Krishan Sondhi, the farm programmes did not have the expected impact. Farmers in SITE viewing areas were not more innovative than farmers who were not exposed to SITE programmes, possibly because they had already learned about the innovations from AIR’s farm bulletins and programmes. Another weakness was that the farm programmes were not adapted to the widely differing farming practices in the SITE viewing areas and consequently were not of much use to the farmers. The health and family planning programmes did not result in significant improvements either.
PRASAR BHARATHI
Doordarshan was Government-controlled organ right from its inception. In 1959, when India witnessed the first experiments in television broadcasting, Doordarshan was only an appendix to All India Radio. Although Doordarshan was delinked in 1976 from All India Radio, it came under the direct control of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. The various Governments at the Centre not only controlled the electronic media but made use of them to promote the ruling party’s hidden agenda. According to I.B. Singh, “Political leaderships have abused All India Radio and Doordarshan (television) for blatant partisan and personal ends mainly in order to crush dissent and promote personality cults”. This has been true with regard to every Government that assumed office in New Delhi.
The demand for autonomy for the broadcast media was gaining increasing support. The National Front Government led by Mr. V.P. Singh introduced the Bill in the first Parliamentary session in January 1990 to grant autonomy to the broadcast media in the country. But the Prasar Bharathi Act was kept dormant for seven years. Finally the Act came into force on September 22, 1997. The Prasar Bharathi Board was formed paving the way for granting autonomy to Doordarshan and All India Radio.
Introduction
In the past, all the children wanted to become a doctor or an Engineer. The time has changed now. There are different fields and different job opportunities. you may choose any one as you wish. There are various changes in the dreams and ambitions of the present children world. Today there are miscellaneous job opportunities. In this article we can take a look at new exciting job opportunities.
Radio Jockies
Radio jockies are the one who host the radio programme or the Radio talk show. They are the one who select music to be played in the channel andl start discussion for any topic broadcast in the channel. The boom of FM broadcasting services are giving new opportunities for the young and dynamic people. People who have passion in music and l communication with others can pursue this as a career. Radio Jockies are real celebrities in the present world.
Skills Required for Radio Jockies
- They should have very strong knowledge of music
- Communication skills are very, very important in this field
- They should know about current affairs and people's taste. Then only they may shine in this field.
- They must have a great sense of humour
- They must have timing sense. Sense of timing also is very, very important in this field.
If all the above qualities are there in Radio Jockie, then people might praise them.
Qualification
A degree holder can easily enter into the field. In the past, most radio jockies were self taught and they developed r talent of their own. Nowadays more institutions are there for teaching. The duration of the courses ranges from three months to one year. We can choose any course of our wish.
Compensation or Remuneration or Salary
Beginners can earn Rs. 10000 to 20000 per month. A good Radio Jockie can earn a maximum of 60000 Rupees per month. They can earn more money through television programmes and advertisements. It is a very good job opportunity that anyone can pursue for their career. Nowadays many people are very interested to enter this field because of vast job opportunities.
Video Jockie
The expansion of VJ is video jockie. He is the one who announces Television programmes, Music shows and other live programmes. They give introduction about those shows and can introduce the celebrities going to participate in the live show. The term of video jockey got popularized only in the year of 1980 by the Music Television Network[MTV]. Several innovative shows got introduced nowadays. So vast opportunities are there in the video jockie field.
Skills Required for Video Jockie
- Good Looking
- Good Communication Skills
- Good Sense of Humour
- Good Timing Sense
Responsibility of Video Jockie
- Introducing music videos
- Hosting the game shows
- Hosting travel shows
- Interviews with celebrities like actor, politician and others
- Deciding the Programme theme
- Deciding the video to be played
- Participating in promotional programmes
- Road Shows
- Sometimes writing script for the shows they are going to host
Qualification
Educational qualification. A degree is fine for this field. Other skills are related to media field and are very, very important. Several institutions offered these courses. The duration of the course is 3 months to 1 year. Remuneration for freshers is 15000 to 25000. A very good video jockie can earn upto 80000 per month. Vacancies are higher in this field. Nowadays more channels are there for giving opportunity to those interested peoples. A very good performance of video jockies makes the Television Channel more popular than the other channels. A good video jockie can devise his own way for communicating with others. Presentation skills are also very, very important. Dedication in this field brings victory. Experience only creates the experts.
Advertising is everywhere you look, whether it is in the newspaper you pick up daily or on that bill board you see or while driving down the higway or in television. Some people may say that the advertising are thrown towards them and they didnot fall into these but every one are caught by the advertiser. TV is a great attraction of children and they are much influence by the TV. They spent lot of time in front of the TV. But specially they watch advertisement selling various consumer product and as such they demand those from their parents because they knew that if they hound at their parents they will give in and buy them the products. TV ads were using children to attract consumer interest and a large proportion were attracting child viewer specifically.
Recently an ad was shown on the TV that if we purchase a health drink a badminton racket will be provided along with it free. This helps to draw many children to own that product. Children instead of keeping much knowledge in studies keep their eyes open about the products shown on the TV and their availability on the market. Children demand to own that product seen on the ad. Most of the food and beverages items that are advertised are on fast food items, soft drinks, and other non-nutritious snacks. And children want to eat those food and demand it from their parents and when their parents refuse to purchase them those food items they demand it from others which change their habits and so the parents think that instead of asking from others it is better to provide them those food items which change their habits and increases their demand day by day. Some advertisement includes dangerous stunts, which are performed under the supervision of experts. Though they broadcast the statutory warnings with those ads, still children try to imitate those acts and perform it at home which brings a fatal results.
Children are mostly attracted towards the expensive products and demand for that which sometimes is not affordable for the parents to buy those products. Junk food such as cold drinks, pizza, burger are telecast on the TV during the children TV viewing time. Because children love to watch cartoon shows and these type of items ad mainly comes in between the cartoon shows. And they want to taste these food which lead to obesity in most children. Children love to eat junk food instead of the food prepared by their parents, this developes a craving for the junk food. Children whose parents purchase these items for their children are themselves responsible for teir child bad health. They must scold their child of not eating those food items. It is not always possible taht what children will demand we parents hav eto purchase those items for them. This is not a a love towards the children in fact parents are responsible somehow to divert the brain of the children. Television influences the children most as far as advertising goes. Many children from now they recognize brand name products and clothing. Parents need to be more aware and cautious about what their children are watching and how much of it they are watching. It is the duty of the parents to limit their television time with some thing a little more educational like reading a book or indulge them in some playing. This could be much helpful for the children.
So it is the duty of the parents to cut through the hype of the TV ads and pick good things for their children. Good things will help in the improvement of the future of the children and will help in building their life. Therefore, advertisement which are of no use, do cause harm to many children. Therefore, it is our duty towards our children to fetch them out from the hands of those advertiser and advertisement.
Must read books
This is a compilation of the top 10 books according to me..I read a lot of books and according to me all of these books are a must read
1)Kane and abel by Jefferey Archer:This is one of the best books i have read so far.Its about two men born on the same day on opposite sides of the world brought together by fate and destiny..Archer tells two parallel stories .one about Abel rosnovoski a poor refugee and an extremely rich businessmen william kane.Together they struggle to build an empire fuelled by their consuming hatred..Its well worth a read
2)Tell me your dreams by Sidney sheldon:This one is a book which you cant put down.I couldnt stop reading this book..as always here the main protagonist is a woman Ashley patterson and it revolves around her co workers tony prescott Toni Prescott,an outgoing singer and dancer, and shy artist Alette Peters..The story is presented in very great detail and in a very stimulating way
3)Disclosure by Michael critchon:This highly controversial novel has been made into a movie both in hindi and english..The topic of the controversy being sexual harrasment,but the twist here is that the predator here is a woman..Tom sanders is expecting his promotion in a corporate company,but he soon realises that his ex girlfriend has been offered the same job..When he stumps her sexual advances ,she exacts revenge by filing a case on sexual harrasment..The story revolves around how he fights against the unfounded accusations..
4)Partner by john grisham:If you are into law ,this is a must read..The story is about a lawyer who is fed up of his life,so he plans himself another life without dying..He creates a fake death of himself and sumhow makes 90 million dollar disapper from the law firm he worked for..He keeps himself hidden from the people who is looking for him until hes prepared..Finally when he is caught it unravels a chain of events which is explosive..This is definitely a john grisham classic
5)One flew over the cuckoos nest by ken kesey:This was a huge best seller and the basis of a succesfull film..recounts the events of a psychiatric inpatient ward in the early 1960’s. hief Bromden, also is a paranoid schizophrenic who pretends to be a deaf-mute in order to be left alone. H R.P. McMurphy, oshows up one day fresh off the work farm. It is suspected that he merely pretended to be insane, in order to escape the hard labor he was subjected to there. Chief Boom takes an immediate interest in McMurphy and begins to narrate the story
With so many DTH varying for you to choose, how do you choose?
Recently in some areas in Mumbai, customers have a choice when it comes to basic utility service providers. Even when it come to their electric supply, which has long been public sector controlled been public sector controlled, consumer can choose between two providers, and how many are exercising that new found freedom. So when it comes to cable TV entertainment, naturally we will tend to be pickier. With several new entrants in the market, the already crowded direct to Home (DTH) space none has more than enough contenders: namely, Dish TV, Tata sky, Big TV, Airtel digital, sun Direct and Videocon d2h. The battle is getting fierce, while the consumer is spoilt for choice, who’s complaining?
More choice means more confusion. So many plans- how does one choose?
It is so overwhelming sometimes that we wouldn’t mind hiring a consultant to spew out a solution suited for needs. There are various factors one needs to consider when making a choice about DTH providers. First, there is a question of whether a cable set-top-box is sufficient for you. Next, when you have decided to go in for DTH, there are various factors one needs to consider like picture quality, transmission during rough weather, how suitable are the package bouquets, pricing and of course, value added services.
Since the services are dependent on signal strength, geographically variances have to be considered. If a particular provider has excellent representation in one area it may not necessary be the same elsewhere.
When it comes to choosing DTH providers, some go strictly by price – the cheapest being the default winner. But most people go by what their friends and relatives have to say. The various communities felt about the various players out there. An online survey was conducted where it was asked to rate their DTH service on each of the parameters mentioned.
The DTH story
DTH can be defined simply by the transmission mode by satellite TV programming can be received at home. It began in India, a few years ago, with Dish TV who was awarded the country’s first DTH license in 2003 and began in operation in 2004. DTH is the primary alternative if you don’t want to depend on local cable operators, who, let’s face it, have a lots of problem when it comes o service delivery. Tier 2 and 3 towns frequently face cable TV outages and breakdowns and service is not dependable. Since DTH signals come directly from broadcast satellite to the consumer’s dish, it can reach remote places. With the wide spread implementation of CAS (conditional access system) throughout the country. DTH is a good alternative. As of now, there are primarily six main players in this space with Videocon being the youngest entrant. Each player has more popularity in certain zones. For instance, sun with its bouquet of south Indian channels is strong in the south Indian channels is strong in south. As of late 2008, DISH TV had about 59 % market share followed by Tatasky. But within three months of its launch, Reliance BIG TV gained 15 percent of share.
Key parameters
In the current scenario, DTH players are offering a host of services to attract consumer attention. Here are the some of the features you should consider before you decide which service provider you would opt for, from the ever growing list.
Picture quality - A DTH service is only as good as the picture quality you get. Some players offer MPEG4 picture quality. While other offer DVD quality digital transmission. A newer standard is the MPEG3 with DVB-S2 which stands for Digital Video Broadcasting – second generation. This standard was developed at about the same time as the H.264 video codec for HD quality, but it has to be implemented. It also allows for enhanced interactive services with access to the internet. Only the outgoing data needs to be sent by other transmission methods. Currently, going by information on their websites, only Airtel and Videocon offer MPEG4 with DVB-2.
Packages - Each DTH provider has packages with channels bundled together. This seems unfair since you should be able to pay only those channels that you want. But it’s a small price to pay for digital quality and value added services.
The base pack of almost every provider contains free-to-air channels and a few other channels thrown in. The first level of categorization in packages happens in to two large geographies – south-specific packages and rest of India packages. Some providers like Tatasky schemes are structured in a way that you can add other add-on packages to the base pack to make it more comprehensive. Other has fixed plans according to different prices of the packages. Dish TV. For examples has plans such as silver, Gold, Platinum. In addition to these, providers allow you to add channels a la carte (order on an itemized basis). For instance there may be a movies a la carte add-on that will activate few foreign movie channels. Almost each DTH provider has special packs for the southern region that has packs specially designed to include regional language channels. Another option is the all encompassing package. In such a package, DTH providers will give you all channels available for a lump sum amount. These packs are given grandiose names such as mega pack or titanium packages. On an average, the monthly charges for such a mega packs come to about Rs. 350. Depending on the providers they will even throw in a couple of free movies on demand and perhaps access to active services. The mega packs gives the most value for money when it comes to a price per channel. However, if you don’t want to go for jumbo schemes, you need to prioritize, which channel are most important. The simplest way to do this is to make a list of the channels you want, and go ahead with the service or package that gives you most of them for that least amount. While looking at a purchase decision, the number channels offered is not as important as the relevance of those channels and whether you are getting the desired combination in a pack. There are even interesting entry offer by the DTH which include the cost of installation and the hardware. In the entry offers, these providers bundle a particular package for free in the initial months. To make sure you are getting your desired channels, its best to look through listings on the provider’s web site and brochure carefully.
User interface - User interface is important. You will be using it to interact with your service. The electronic programming guide (EPG) help you navigate through all programs you can watch. Some EPGs allows you to narrow down channels as per genre. Big TV’s guide, for example allows you to reorder channels alphabetically or as per numbers. Videocon offers the interface in multiple languages and allows you to customize the on-screen display to a certain extent. The more user-friendly the interface the better, the interface should let you access a lot of information in a comprehensive manner.
There are several things that go in to this – brief write up available about upcoming programs how far ahead does it guide show updates, does the guide show what is currently playing preview, and soon.
Movies on demand - With DTH comes the added advantages of playing movies on demand. There are specific channels where movies play at scheduled start times.
These schedules can be accessed through the service interface or some DTH operators even put it up on their websites. It’s important to note here that the number of channels showing movies on demand is not as important as kind of movies. Some players source latest content. While other show movies that are not as recent.
Interactive services - Many providers with exception of Sun Direct offer interactive services. These services let you interact with the TV. For example, while watching a cooking show, there may be a pop up which says press the red button to see other such recipes.
Widget based data - Some DTH providers such as Dish source content from online sources like matrimonial or job services. Others like Airtel allow you to set up widgets that give information and news snippets, weather, stock updates breaking news in the press of a button without moving away from the main screen.
Survey findings
The survey asked to rate their DTH service on a scale of 1 to 5 on a few parameters, Such as picture quality, overall reception quality, package composition and structuring. Pricing and value Added services. They were even asked to comment on specifics that appeal to them as users and their thoughts while choosing a particular DTH provider. BIG Dish and Airtel received the highest number of votes for being chosen based on pricing.
It also got clear that which services are more popular. As expected, TataSky was the most popular and formed the largest part of the respondents. It receives good rating on picture quality, but scored lowest on pricing and package structure. The highest average rating for picture quality went to BIG TV, followed closely by Airtel received the highest user rating for packet pricing. Since Videocon is the newest entrant in this space, it received very few votes to be considered on the comparison of specific parameters.
The survey also revealed some secondary findings as well. About 60 percent of the respondents who took the survey were DTH, while 20 percent were on regular cable. Cable set-top boxes were preferred by 17 per cent of the respondents. About 73 per cent of the respondents still own regular CRT TV’s while 15 percent have HD ready and 11 percent have HD ready and 11 per cent have full HD LCD’s.
TataSky - Tatasky has been around for quite some time. Among other things, Tatasky provides customers with 24*7 supports in 11 languages. Their channel packages seem to be tad on the more expensive side. However, they have the maximum number of interactive services – many of which very promising and are directly are kids. Tatasky seems to be most trusted of the lot. It has good service and the “Tata quality”. But since it is the most popular it got a lot of criticism as well. A few complained the interface is slow. TataSky even after many software updates seems to be slow and hangs couple of time. However on the positive side, their customer service is good, its customer support is also very responsive and supportive.
Airtel Digital - With its Saif and Kareena campaigns, Airtel seems to be going places. The DTH providers have armed itself with a lot of innovative interactive services and some exclusive features such as a Universal remote. Choose Airtel for universal remote and customer service. On the interactive front, Airtel has some interesting innovations. With their iNet features, customers can get updates on the latest news, stocks from the portfolio, Bollywood gossips and the latest news, stocks from their portfolio, and the latest weather with widgets. Airtel have partnered with NDTV for news widgets and CNBC for stocks. As the plan, the structure is decent. If say you are a music buff, you could go in for base pack of 110 channels for Rs.127 and go in for music top up for Rs.25, which has a few channels and World space radio thrown in.
Dish TV - Dish is the oldest DTH provider around. You can access content from shaadi.com and search for potential partners through the Shaadi Active service. The content is not live but updated every week. Similarly you can access content from monster.com and ICICI bank.
As for packages, they have got three packages that cover an assortment of everything. While a la carte channels can be ordered as per preference. The packages are good however he adds bur poor reception during rainy days.
Big TV - Big has been quite big on user-based score charts. It scores high in picture quality, thanks to MPEG4. It also has good start-up plans, with three months subscription clubbed with the hardware cost. BIG is focusing heavily on pay-per-view movies, but couldn’t find any interesting titles playing. “Big TV has its issues but it does provide with many options. There are more channels, in more languages (and in the original languages) and the picture quality is definitely better. And it is reasonably priced.
Sun Direct - Sun has a strong presence in south. It also has packs for other regions and languages. This way, you can opt for the Marathi pack (depending on your language) if you are from Maharashtra.
Videocon d2h - Videocon combined its electronics and consumer goods background to bundle LCD TV’s and DVD players within built DTH receivers. They have ever come up with DVD players that have in built DTH. It also has some interesting features on interface. For example - A 12 picture in picture mosaic to browse channels rather than using the EPG. It also has tickers for stock, cricket and news updates that form an overlay over the programming being viewed. Their packages are decent but as per the website information even their Diamond pack which is their highest end offering needs an English movies add on priced at Rs.25 to make it complete. Like sun direct, Videocon d2h also has packs for every region.
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