REPEATER :
A Repeater is the most basic device on a network. Repeater is device that operate at the physical layer of the OSI model. Repeater has two ports.
A Repeater generates any signal received in on one port and out the other port.
The basic puRepeaterose of Repeater is to extend the distance of something.
The primary puRepeaterose is simply to regenerate a signal received from input and correct the signal to its original state for output i.e repeater takes w weak signal from one segment, regenerates it and passes it to the next segment.
Repeaters are used to connect only same type of media, such as 10 base-2 Thin Ethernate to 10 base -2 thin ethernate, or Token ring twisted pair to Token ring twisted pair.
Repeaters are available in many types.
1- Single port Repeater.
2- Multiport Repeater.
3- Smart Repeater.
4- Optical Repeater.
Single port Repeater operates with two segments that is one segment send signsl to Repeater, it boost and pass to the next signal.
Multiport Repeater connect one segment to another cable segment. Multiport Repeater has one input port and multiple output ports.
Smart Repeater is hybrid device and are very similar to a bridge in functionality. Packet filtering is done by smart Repeater.
Optical Repeaters are Repeaters that operate on optical signal. Most Repeaters in use today are multiport repeaters that are called hubs.
Advantages of Repeater :
1- The least expensive way of expanding a network.
2- They can connect different types of media but they do not have ability ti connect different network architectures such as ethernet an token ring.
3- Passes all traffic in both directions.
Disadvantages of Repeater:
1- The main disadvantage of Repeater is that it passes along everything it detects on the line. If there is noise or distortion the Repeater passes it along with original signal.
2- Not support if network traffic is heavy.
3- Not support to connect different network architectures such as ethernet an token ring.
4- Repeater do not have ability to work beyond the physical layer, which means they do not examine any destination addresses and they do not filter or translate any data.
5- There is a limit to the numbers of Repeaters that can be used to extend a LAN's length and topology. that is ethernet LAN, support maximum five segments interconnected by four Repeaters.
As regard the question which you asked "today in some of our TPM church, we have computers with internet connection.. is it not wrong to have computer in church? "
Brother, Internet we are using for the way of communication.. like POST BOX,FAX.. In our faithome they are not going to internet explorer and browsing the websites.. they are receiving and sending the mails which they configured in outlook express or Microsoft Outlook.for communicate with other FH branches and getting circulars from our head quarters.
And as regard of Computer is wrong or not.. Please note the computer is very much useful for our routines.. But for everything we have go as per god's guidance or as per the leading of spirit of god.. If we take anything from this world there will be advantage and disadvantage.. the matter is how we handle. you cannot close the eyes and walk through the road.. but whatever which evil things which u saw that should not be dwell in your heat.. or you don't have to give space for that. you have to rebuke that spirit on the same time....
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I think Leo replied your question.. i have also same reason..and also in the churches they are not only keeping computer for using internet.. They can use for making question papers for sunday school,hymn sheets and so many purpose is there brother.Becz i know dubai FH.. for every meetings they are printing hymn sheets and for convention they are giving us cd's like that.. As i mentioned earlier computer is useful for our routines. please don't mixup with computer and internet.And please don't take this matter as argument..i don't have any knowledge to argue.what god giving in my mind that's only am writing here. God is loving you. May god bless you and give you enough grace.
There is no problem with using Computers in my humble opinion!
It's not at all proper to compare the computer with a Television.
A Computer is a TOOL which can be put to multiple use. Whereas Television is not. It does only one thing. Just like any tool if put to proper use computer and the internet helps us in our lives.
With computer and also the internet the user has the ultimate control. With TV you have no control of what you get other than switching channels.
I can go on and on with numerous examples differentiating a computer from a TV.
But on the other hand if you make your computer a media center then it's your choice. This argument is like saying don't use knives at home.
Just one man's opinion!
Preventive maintenance is the key to obtaining years of trouble-free service from your computer system. Preventive maintenance program reducing problem behaviour. data loss, and component failure and by ensuring a long life for your system.
Preventive maintenance also can increase your system's resale value because it will look and run better.
It includes several steps that promote a longer trouble-free life for your PC. It protects a system from the environment, such as power-protection devices: ensuring a clean, temperature controlled environment: and preventing excessive vibration.
1> Cleaning a System :
A regular cleaning of the system removes any layer of dust and benefits the system in the long run.
Dust acts as a thermal insulator, which prevent proper system cooling. Excessive heat shortens life of component.
The proper cleaning of the internal components, its peripheral and the boards inside the system, use the following tools and cleaning solution as per requirements.
Cleaning Tools :
Canned air
A small brush
Lint-free foam cleaning swabs.
Foam tape.
Antistatic wrist-grounding strap.
Low-volatile room-temperature vulcanising (RTV) sealer.
Silicon-type lubricant(WD-40).
Computer vacuum cleaner.
Cleaning solutions :
Standard Cleaners :
>> Trichloroethane
>> Isopropyl alcohol
>> Acetone
>> Freon
Contact cleaner/Lubricants :
>> Stabilant 22
>> WD-40
Dusters :
CFCS(chlorofluorocarbans) such as freon
HFCS(hydrofluorocarbons) such as difluoroethane
carbon dioxide
In cleaning system, use above tools as cleaning solutions to clean.
Clean the following things :
>> System board
>> Add on Cards
>> Connectors & Contacts
>> Reseating socked chips
>> Check SMOS battery backup.
The following are weekly maintenance check list :
Backup any data or important files.
Delete all temporary files.
Empty the recycle bin.
Check for and install antivirus software updates.
Run defragmantation program.
The following are monthly maintenance check list :
Create an operating system startup disk.
Check for and install any updated drivers for video cards, sound cards, modem and other devices.
Check for and install any operating system updates.
clean the system, including the monitor screen, keyboard, CD/DVD drives, Mouse, and so on..
Check that all system fans are operating properly, incluting CPU heat sink, power supply, and any chasis fan.
Preventive Maintenance of Hard Disk Drive(HDD) :
Hard disk preventive maintenance includes the following :
Making Periodic backup of your data & critical areas, such as boot sectors, file allocation tables(FAT), and directory structures on the disk.
You should defragment hard disk at least once a month to maintain disk efficiency and speed.
Delete all temporary files and wweb browser history and Temporary Internet files.
Take backup and format HDD at least once a year and reinstall all software to maintain disk efficiency and speed.
Following Precautions are required for HDD protection :
Provide good surge protection.
Do not keep HDD or CPU near the vibration area.
Ensure fitting of HDD, that the disk is fully secured and well suported in CPU cabinet.
Periodically perform scan for viruses.
Do not install freeware software such as games, utility programs that contains viruses.
Preventive Maintenance of Monitor :
Monitor fails due to following reasons :
Open circuit or disconnection inside monitor.
Short circuit inside the monitor.
Display is not stable.
Diagonal lines are present.
Screen is flickering.
Focus is not proper.
No control over brightness.
Precautions :
Switch off the monitor, before switching of mains.
Use dust cover for monitor when monitor is off.
Do not put monitor near to strong magnetic field, which may cause improper deflection.
Clean the display screen so that it is dust free.
clean the monitor exterior with mild detergent solution without allowing the water drip inside the monitor.
Provide proper ventilation such as cooling fan heat dissipation to avoid intermittent failures.
Do not put paper or anything on top of monitor.
Preventive Maintenance of Keyboard :
Handle the keyboard gently and carefully.
Press the keys gantly without applying force and do not rest hand on the keyboard.
Do not spill liquids on the keyboard.
Do not keep anything on the keyboard.
Do not play with the keyboard after powering-off the system.
Make sure that the cable is not subjected to high stress at the keyboard end. This will cut signal wires inside the cable.
Periodically, clean interior of keyboard with a miniature vacuum cleaner or turn it upside down to blow out the accumulated dirt.
Use dust cover for keyboard when not in use.
Clean conducting parts of keyboard, use denatured alcohol along with lint free material.
Preventive Maintenance of Printer :
Do not place Printer near heat generating machine, such as heaters and furnances.
clean the exterior of Printer using soft cloth with mild organic solvent.
Periodically clean out dust, paper fragments, and dirt from its mechanism using soft brush.
Use quality ribbon to avoid damage to print head.
Denatured alcohol canbe used for cleaning the inner parts such as stepper motor, Print head etc.
Verify the insulation resistence between AC Power line and Printer chassis.
Use the dust cover for printer, when not used.
Check the paper feed path is free of obstruction.
Clean the paper feed path, platen and ribbon path with soft cloth.
Lubricate mechanical parts.
Clean Printer-head slider rails using non-oily lubrications suahc WD-40.
Following are importance of Preventive Maintenance :
Preventive Maintenance gives reliable operation and long life to PC and peripheral devices.
It gives trouble free service from your computer system and peripheral devices.
It also increases your system's resale value because it will look and run better.
It avoids data loss on hard drive.
It will avoid remedial problems.
A hard disk is one of the important I/O devices and is most commonly used as permanent storage device in any processor. Most PCs have hard disk having capacities in the range of 20GB to 80GB. Due to improvement in technology and density of magnetic disk, it has become possible to have disk with larger capacity and at a cheaper rate. A hard disk is basically comprises several metal platters coated with magnetic material. These plates are rotating with high speed(5,000 revolutions per second) along the central shaft. Each surface has a read/write head mounted on arm. The head can possibly move in radial direction. Usually , both sides of a platter are used for storing data. Each surface is divided into concentric circles called tracks. There are 300 tracks per platter. Each track is divided into about 30 sectors, separated by gaps. To access data in a specific location, the arm has to be positioned over the proper track. This takes about 3-20 minutes. Once the sector is found, the data can be read at a rate of 4 MB/s. The disk controller is requires for buffering the data to avoid bus contention and for bookkeeping.
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