Plastic in one form or the other can be seen anywhere and everywhere on earth. Be it a snow clad mountain or a deserted hill top, plastic can for sure be seen. Though natural products are the source of plastic, it is completely synthetic. Plastic was first produced in 1907. It was called 'Baekelite' as the man who created it was Leo Hendrik Baekeland, an American scientist.
Baekeland was born in 1863 at a place called Ghent in Belgium. When he was just eight years of age, his school teacher had told him the story of Benjamin Franklin, the first scientist of America. He had never dreamt that he would become an American citizen one day. His only subject of interest was science. He studied at Ghent University and secured his doctorate degree at the age of 21 years. He obtained a scholarship and went to the United States of America. Thanks to the scholarship which opened the doors of opportunities to him. He gained vast knowledge by visiting universities in Germany, France, Scotland and England. When he was in New York, by virtue of his hobby of photography, he secured a job at H.T.Anthony & Company. There, Baekeland opened his own laboratory. He conducted research and made and made special photographic paper which could be used to develop photographs clicked in artificial light. Till then, photographers were clicking in sunlight and photography was not possible without sunlight. Then, Baekeland produced Vela Paper which was not very popular in the initial days. But later, it became a big hit in the market and its production started on a large scale.
Baekeland later aimed at making a resin which was resistant to oils and acid. Once he mixed Formaldehyde and Carbolic acid. He guessed that a product like lac may be obtained by dissolving the solution obtained by such a mixture. The result secured with such a liquid was water resistant, hard and a bad conductor of electricity. It was hard after drying and could not be dissolved again. Baekeland put the mix in a glass vessel and boiled it at a higher temperature. The mix liquefied and and in a little time turned transparent like glass and took the shape of the vessel. When the vessel was cooled, a vessel shaped glass like container fell down.
Baekeland was happy about his achievement. The first plastic container of the world was produced. It was called Baekelite after Leo Hendrik Baekeland.
This was the first attempt at thermo-setting plastics. It hardens after boiling. Its shape doesnot change after cooling. Baekeland announced the discovery of Baekelite around 1909. since Baekelite was a bad conductor of electricity, it very much attracted the manufacturers of electrical appliances. Baekelite replaced celluloid material which were known to liquefy after heating. Baekelite is used now in the manufacture of electric wires, electric switches, telephones, televisions, automobiles, aeroplanes, rockets and what not.
Thanks to Baekelite, Baekeland acquired both wealth and recognition at his old age. In 1924, he was elected president of American Chemical Society. He died at a place called Beacon near New York in the year 1944. When he made plastic, he only thought of its uses and not the absuses. Today, exactly after hundred years, plastic has become the greatest danger for the environment. Nevertheless, the world shall never forget the contributions of this scientist, who was known for his perseverance and restraint, and very much responsible for the various forms of plastic which constitutes 80% of the modern man's daily utilities, excelling even iron and steel.
- Ramana Maharshi- his spiritual search was focused on the question `who am?’ he pursued many spiritual practices and also mentioned silence for many years.
*Ramakrishna Paramahamsa – this Bengali saint was an ardent devotee of mother Kali. His famous disciple was swami Vivekananda.
- Sister Nivedita –her real name was Margaret Noble. Swami Vivekananda gave her this name which means the `dedicated one’. She was aghast at the plight of India under foreign (British) rule and worked very hard to inspire Indians to rise against the British.
- Dhirubai Ambani – born in a village in Gujarat, his is a rag –to riches story. He started a small company but soon expanded his business into many areas and made the reliance group into one of the biggest enterprises in the world.
G D Birla- this businessman from Pilani set up many industries and also built magnificent temples. He was a great philanthropist and a friend of Gandhi.
- Mrinal sen- he made films not only in Bengali but also in Hindi, Oriya and Telugu.
Two of his famous films are Bhuvan Shome and Akaler Sandhaney.
*Adoor Gopalakrishna- he produced many plays while in collage. He graduates from the FTII in Pune. Two of his famous films are Kodiyettan and Mukha Mukhan.
- Mario Miranda- this Goan cartoonist started drawing cartoons as a young child. He has drawn cartoons for several newspapers, magazines and other printed material.
*RK Laxman- this cartoonist has been drawing a daily cartoon for the times of India or more tan 40 years. His `common man’ is well known and the problems this character faces are also `commonly’ faced by people in India.
- Ritu Beri- a graduate from NIFT, she has designed clothes for high society, uniforms for hotel and office staff and for the Indian hockey team, and is the first Asian to do a line for a French fashion house.
*Abu Jani – working together with his partner, Abu Jani has sold his designs at the best fashion stores abroad. The clothes have also been worn by award winners at the Oscars.
- NR Narayana Murthy- this software engineer from Karnataka set up infosys, a software company which now one of the best companies in the world.
*Azim Premji- his company, wiper, was originally a Vanaspati manufacturing unit. He led into other areas like consumer goods and IT and is now one of the richest men in the world.
- Tatia Tope- a friend of Lakshmibai and loyal to the Maratha Peshwa, he did whatever he could to make the 1957 mutiny a success. However, luck was not on his side and soon he was a fugitive, without a place to hide. He was betrayed, arrested and hanged by the British.
*Ashfaqulla Khan- this Pathan patriot was associated in the Kakori Holdup case. He was betrayed by a friend, arrested and hanged by the British.
- Andal- a Tamil poet –saint, she refused to marry saying that it was Lord Ranganath who was her real husband. She wrote inspiring and beautiful poetry.
Meera Bai- she was devotee to Lord Krishna even as a young girl. Although married to a Rajputs prince, she had no interest in place life and spent er time composing poems to her Lord and worshiping Him.
- Amrita Pritam- this award winning Punjabi poet and writer published her first work at 16. Since hen she has written many stories, poems and novels.
*Thakaz Sivasankar Pillai- this Malayalam writer stores based on the lives of peasants and the have –nots. He was awarded the Janapeeth award. Two of his famous works are Chemeen and Kayar.
Animals petting are a good habit. Love animals. Don’t kill. I like animals. I love birds and animals. An animal living is cerate natural beauty to nature.
My best friend is Rangayya. He is petting animals and birds in his house. His wife Rangamma is nice girl. She is cooperating to his husband in animals pet.
He is class my mate from the high school. Now he is great land lard. His village name is Rangapuram. It’s near to our Yemmiganur town. His fields are under low level cannel. Water flows from Tungbhadra River. Total his hundred acres land under irrigation. His house is in a well place in the garden. It is open place and happy place. Those lands belong to his grand father.
He is a big farmer. His growth crops paddy and ground nut. Some labors are working on daily wages.
He had a rice mill and he is owner of a juice factory. He had no son and no daughter. His wife belongs to poor family. So they are pity on children’s. So the animals are petting as his Childs. He is running it his expired son name. His son is living in the animals.
Cows give milk. A milk dairy runs by him. He is supplying milk free for poor child.
He is very interest in petting animals. He allotted separate sheds for birds; animals’ shelter is in the opposite. It looks like a small zoo. School boys’ girls visit his house in Sunday and government’s holidays. They are going to enjoy its picnic place.
Apes gibbering, asses braying, bees humming, bulls bellowing, calves bleating , cats mewing, cocks crowing, lambs bleating dogs barking, ducks quacking frogs croaking, fishes flying in the tank band, free birds crow cawing , cuckoos cooing ,parts speaking on the trees, rays running , horse jumping, pigs playing, got gong and coming In the small zoo. Rayaswamy is a retired veterinary doctor. he is working in lowest salary.
Mahatma Gandhi as the entire world refers to him, was born in the state of Gujarat on 2nd October 1869. We call him Bapu while the world knows him as Mahatma or the great soul. This great soul remained firm to his beliefs and principles till his death. He made remarkable contributions to Indian and world Politics. It won't be an exaggeration if I say that his groundbreaking efforts brought India her Independence. He gave the world the message of peace and non violence. He initiated the 'Satyagraha' movement and stood-up to British dictatorship by mass 'Civil Disobedience' wide spread all over the nation. Even in the present day, Gandhi remains a great inspiration to many. People in different parts of the world trust and follow Gandhian philosophies. Some of the great personalities who have followed Gandhi are Martin Luther King, Jawaharlal Nehru, Nelson Mandela and Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. President Obama in one of his speeches has expressed Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration. India has bestowed on him the title of 'Father of the Nation'. His birthday, 2nd October is celebrated as a national holiday all over India. World wide it is celebrated as the 'International Day of Non Violence'.
His father was Karamchand Gandhi. His mother was Putli Bai who was a great devotee of God and a staunch Hindu. Karamchand called his son Mohandas. The real name of Mahatma Gandhi was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. His father Karamchand gandhi was Dewan of Porbunder and Rajkot. Karamchand had four wives, three of whom died during childbirth. Not many people are aware of the fact that Putli Bai was Karamchand's fourth wife. She was a religious and traditional lady. She gave moral education to her son Mohandas and played a vital role in shaping his character as a great human being. When Mohandas was very young, he heard stories from the scriptures and mythology through his mother. She taught him to be kind hearted, compassionate and committed to truth and honesty. She raised him as a complete vegetarian and also taught him that fasting would lead to 'Self Purification'. She taught him to pray to God and be religious. As per the teachings of his mother, Mohandas became a firm believer of Hinduism and yet he had equal respect for other religions.
When he was just 13, his wedding with Kasturba was celebrated. He lost his first child and had four sons afterwards. Harilalwas was the eldest, Manilal was second, Ramdas the third and Devdas was the youngest. He did his basic schooling in Gujarat and was an average student. He went to England to study law. After returning from England as a Barrister at Law he started drafting legal petitions to earn his livelihood. He went to Natal, South Africa to argue the case of Dada Abdulla Sait. There, he was moved by the suffering and violence undergone by the Indians. The behaviour of whites towards the people of Indian origin as well as the Blacks was intolerable. He was extremely upset by the happenings in South Africa. The racism discrimination, the widespread prejudice and the unfair treatment of the whites stimulated him to take some initiative about it and he established the 'Natal Indian Congress' there.
When he returned to india in 1915, he was not interested in the practice of law anymore. He wanted to work for the society and the nation. He started the 'Satyagraha Ashram' near Ahmedabad and lived there. His mind was filled with 'Sarvodaya' ideal. Man should live by truth and non violence, he said, and preached hatred towards none. Inspired by his lectures, even people like Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru, whose lifestyle was very modern during those days, became his deciples.
Gopal Krishna Gokhle introduced him to Indian politics. When Gandhi associated himself with the 'Indian National Congress', his prime objective was 'Poorna Swaraj' or complete independence. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai had warned the British who were ruling India. Apperance of Gandhi in the political arena at such a time to open their eyes was almost providential for the Indians. He defied the British rule in the form of 'Satyagraha'. He launched the 'Non Cooperation' and 'Civil Disobedience' movements. The 'Salt Satyagraha' completely baffled the British as Gandhi dared to distribute salt himself, to oppose tax on it. He also played a major role in boycotting foreign goods and spreading awareness about the 'Swadeshi Policy'.
Gandhi was a humanitarian. He opposed 'untouchability' which was widely prevalant in the Indian society during those days. He was completely against the stigmas of the Indian society like 'caste system', 'sati pratha' and 'child marriage'. On seeing religious clashes, he strove to banish differences between the Hindus and the Muslims. He expressed his strong views in his paper, 'Harijan'. He was sentenced to jail several times for participating in the freedom struggle. He undertook 'Satyagraha' by fasting many times. The entire nation had reposed immense confidence in Gandhi. Following the 'Quit India' movement, there was no alternative for the British, but to granting independence to India however, Gandhi was arrested then also.
Of course, we attained independence on August 15, 1947. But India was divided into 'Hindustan' and 'Pakistan'. That triggered communal violence all over the country, causing bloodshed. Gandhi tried to foster amity between 'Hindus' and 'Muslims'. Gandhi breathed his last chanting 'Hey Ram' on the evening of January 30, 1948. Nathuram Godse, a misguided youth who presumed that all the problems could be solved if Gandhi was killed, shot him when Gandhi was approaching a prayer meeting. The mahatma's demise was not death. He has achieved 'Amaratwa' or eternal life as he is enshrined in the minds of billions of Indians for ever and ever.
Peggy lee(May 26,1920-January 21,2002) was one of the most important musical influences of the twenth century. in a field dominated by singers with big or flashy styles,Peggy Lee became a sotto voce legend.The platinum-blond NOrth Dakota native was popular mosic,s ultimate embodiment of less is more,particularly as aging and ill health took their toll on her voice.With her whispery authority, she conveyed a full range of emotion as powrfully as the fullest-throated divas.
"You have to have your heart broken at least once to sing a love song",she once said,quoting Sophie Tucker.But she balanced the pained truth in her vocals with strenth, revelling a debt to the great Billie Holiday.
Whether singing pop or jazz or blending them together,the woman who had "fever" morning and night was the coolest of stylist.Though Miss Lee spent her final years in relative obscurity, recording rarely,her influence can be heard and felt in any number of young singers,including pop chanteuse k.d.lang and genre-mixr Cassandra Wilson.
For all the deep(and generally neglected)rewards of her matured style,her early recordings had a youthfull ease and natural sense of swing that are equally hard to resist.For all the adversity Miss Lee Faced with her multiple marriages,daibetes,chronically debilitating Meniere's diseas and heart ailments occasional artistic misfires,she projected a dtermined optimism.
When Lee became successful in her music career she proceeded to being a actor,in which she also found success.Her brief acting carer included an Oscar-nominated performance in "Pete Kelly's Blues"(1955).in 1955,she co-wrote music and provided voices for Walt Disney's"Lady and the Tramp".
Peggy Lee continued to do performances as she got older throughtout the 1990's,sometimes even in a wheelchair.After several health complications such as Meniere disease and diabetes Peggy Lee eventually died at the age of 81 from a heart attack.
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