Articles [Engineering]

1)What is Intrinsic attenuation? Intrinsic attenuation occurs due to something inside or inherent to the fiber. It is caused by impurities in the glass during the manufacturing process.2)What is scattering loss? Rayleigh scattering accounts...

1. What is the difference between a 3-port and a 4-port coupler? A directional coupler is basically a 4-port network. The main-line and auxiliary line each have 2 ports: A 3-port coupler has one end of this auxiliary line, the "isolated port,"...

1)What is the frequency range of forward link and reverse link in GSM? Forward link= 890 to 915 MHz Down link= 935 to 960 MHz 2)What is the modulation data rate for GSM? 384 kbps(stationary 2Mbps) 3)What is the type of modulation used in...

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Reference points and functional grouping:To define the requirement for ISDN user access, the first step is to group functions that may exist on the users premises, that suggest actual physical configuration.The figure below shows the ITU-T approach...

CONCEPTS OF ISDN 1) Principle of ISDN2) Evolution of ISDN3) The user interface4) Objectives5) Benefits6) Services7) Architecture 1. PRINCIPLE OF ISDN: a) Support of voice and non voice applications using a limited set of standardized...

What is the bit rate of the optical communication in LED? #)The bit rate of the optical communication in LED is less than approximately 100-200 Mb/s.What are the two basic LED configurations being used for fiber optics? #)The two basic LED...

Horn Antenna: #)A horn antenna may be regarded as a flared out or opened out of wave guide.Wave Guide: #)A wave guide is capable of radiating radiation into open space provided the same is excited at one end and opened at the other end.Reason...

ISDN Controlling Body: ITU-T “International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector”Importance of Standards:•    Telecommunication industry has accepted some standards that are required to govern the physical, electrical...

•    ISDN provides variety of services, supporting existing voice and data application.•    There are two ways to classify these services •    The I.200 series of ITU-T recommendation referred to as service capabilities.•    This provides a...