Genetics:

Chronology

• In 1865, passionate about natural sciences, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel in the garden of the courtyard of his monastery, decided to work on edible peas with seven characters (shape and color of the seed color of the envelope, etc.. ), each of which can be found in two different forms. From his experience, he published an article Genetics Research on plant hybrids "where he sets out the laws of transmission of hereditary characteristics. This article was sent to scientists around the world, reactions are mixed, or non-existent. It was not until 1907 that his article was recognized and translated into french.
• In 1869 the DNA is isolated by Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss doctor. It gets the bandages used to treat infected wounds and it isolates a substance rich in phosphorus in the pus. He called this substance nucléine. He finds the nucléine in all cells and in sperm of salmon.
• In 1879, Walther Flemming described for the first time a mitosis. Mitosis had already been described 40 years before by Carl Nagel but had mitosis interpreted as an anomaly. Walter Flemming invented terms prophase, metaphase and anaphase to describe cell division. His work is published in 1882.
• In 1880, Oskar Hertwig and Eduard Strasburger discover that the merger of the core of the egg and sperm is essential for fertilization.
• In 1891, Theoder Bovara shows and asserts that the chromosomes are essential to life
• In 1900, rediscovered the laws of heredity: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg independently rediscovered the laws of Mendel.
• In 1902, Walter Sutton observes its first meiosis, the theory proposes chromosome of the hereditary, ie that the chromosomes are the carriers of genes. He noted that the model of separation of chromosomes supports entirely the theory of Mendel. He published his work in the same year His theory is demonstrated by the work of Thomas Morgan.
• First description of a human hereditary disease by Archibald Garrod: the alcaptonurie
• In 1909, Wilhelm Johannsen coined the term gene and the difference between the appearance of a (phenotype) and its gene (genotype). William Bateson, four years before, the word genetics in an article and the need to appoint hereditary variations.
• In 1911, Thomas Morgan demonstrates the existence of mutations, using a Drosophila (fly) mutant with white eyes. It shows that the chromosomes are the carriers of genes, with the discovery of genetic links (genetic linkage) and genetic recombination. He worked with Alfred Sturtevant, Hermann Muller, and Calvin Bridges He received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1933. His experience will strengthen the chromosome theory of heredity.
• In 1913, Morgan and Alfred Sturtevant published the first genetic map of chromosome X of Drosophila, showing the order and sequence of genes along the chromosome.
• In 1928, Fred Griffith discovers genetic transformation of bacteria, through experiments on pneumococcus. The transformation allows a transfer of genetic information between two cells. He does not know the nature of this transformation.

• In 1941, George Beadle and Edward Tatum's hypothesis that a gene code (and only) enzyme by studying Neurospora crassa
• In 1943, the X-ray diffraction of DNA by William Astbury can make the first hypothesis concerning the structure of the molecule: a regular, periodic structure which he described as a pile of pennies (like a pile of pennies) .
• In 1944, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty showed that the DNA is a molecule associated with a hereditary information and can transform a cell.
• Barbara McClintock shows that genes can move and that the genome is much less static than expected She received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1983.
• In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discovered that only the DNA of a virus needs to enter a cell to infect. Their work strengthens considerably the hypothesis that genes are made of DNA
• In 1953, simultaneously to the research of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin who made a snapshot of a molecule of DNA, James Watson and Francis Crick presented the double helix model of the DNA, thus explaining that the genetic information can be carried by this molecule. Watson, Crick and Wilkins receive the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery.
• In 1955, Joe Hin Tjio made the first accurate account of human chromosomes: 46 Arthur Kornberg discovered the DNA polymerase, an enzyme allowing the replication of DNA.
• In 1957, the mechanism of replication of DNA is highlighted.
• In 1958, when examining the chromosomes of a child says "Mongolian", Professor Jérôme Lejeune discovered the existence of a chromosome in too much on the 21st pair. For the first time in the world has established a link between mental disability and a chromosome anomaly. Thereafter, with his collaborators, he discovered the mechanism of many other chromosomal diseases, paving the way for the cytogenetic and modern genetics.
• In 1960, François Jacob and Jacques Monod élucident the mechanism of protein synthesis. The principle of genetic code is allowed. They show that the regulation of this synthesis involves proteins and highlight the existence of DNA translated but not playing a role in gene expression.
• In 1961, François Jacob, Jacques Monod and André Lwoff jointly advance the idea of genetic program.
• 1968: Nobel Prize awarded for deciphering the genetic code.
• 1975: Nobel prize for discovering the mechanism of operation of the virus.
• The genomics becomes subject to significant economic interests.
• In 1989, it decided to decode the 3 billion pairs of bases of the human genome to identify genes in order to understand, detect and prevent genetic diseases and try to treat them. One team starts the race: the Human Genome Project, coordinated by the NIH (National Institutes of Health) and comprising 18 countries, including France with Genoscope Evry responsible for sequencing the chromosome 14.
• In the 1990s, in Evry, methodologies using robots are being developed to manage all the information from genomics.
• In 1992 - 1996, the first genetic maps of the human genome published by Weissenbach in a laboratory at the Généthon.
• In 1998, founded by Craig Venter and Perkin Elmer (leader in the field of automated sequencers), the private company Celera Genomics will also begin the sequencing of the human genome using a different technique than that used by the NIH.
• In 1999, the first human chromosome, the 22 is sequenced by a team coordinated by the Sanger Center in Great Britain.
• In June 2000, the NIH and Celera Genomics Announce each getting 99% of the human genome sequence. The publications will follow in 2001 in the journal Nature for the NIH for Science and Celera Genomics.
• In July 2002, Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo have introduced 2 new basis, S and Y, the existing 4 (A, T, G, C) on a type of bacterium Escherichia coli, they therefore have a genetic heritage has nothing in common with other living beings and have to produce a protein unknown in nature. Some often refer to the new generation, as some see it as a new grammar for the creation of living things that were unimaginable not only before but, especially, could never see the day.
• On 14 April 2003, the end of the sequencing of the human genome was announced.