INTRODUCTION

SOLDERING PROCESS:

SOLDER :

FLUXES:

A flux should have the following properties:

3 It must remove fingerprints, dirt, grease etc.

Traditionally fluxes can be grouped as:

Of these rosin based fluxes are generally used for repair work. These consist of rosin dissolved in some solvent.

TINNING:

The component leads may get rusted during storage. It will be difficult t solder such leaded components. Thus leads of such components or wires need to be tinned. Tinning consist of the application of the thin layer of solder to the surface of metal which could be lead of a component or copper track on PCB.

The two chief methods are :

Before tinning a wire, the insulation must be removed with wire strippers. The first method consists of immersing the metal surface to be tinning in to hot solder bath, after application of flux. This method is not used for repair work. During repair or rework, tinning is done using soldering iron. First of all flux is applied to the surface to be tinned.

SOLDERING IRONS :

3. Temperature controlled soldering gun.

RESISTIVE SOLDERING IRON:

It is cheapest soldering iron. These can not be used for precision work as heat produced is in excess then required to melt solder. The excessive heat can be very damaging PCB,S and semiconductor devices. This should be used in emergency and when used should be applied for minimum of time to prevent damage of devices due to overheating.

This consists of a copper tip which is heated electrically by resistive coil. This tip acts a heat store and heat conductor.

SOLDERING GUN

Soldering gun is used for soldering heavy wiring. It is not recommended for use on PCB’S. This operates on the principle of resistive heating of low resistance copper tip. Heavy currents flow through the copper tip. Because of the current involved corrosion of attachments nut will result in slow or no heating of the tip. It has trigger switch to control the application of the a.c. power to resistive element. The working Temperature s reached instantaneously.

TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED SOLDERING GUN

The soldering irons are most suited to maintenance purposes especially when dealing with semiconductors components which are likely to be damaged by overheating. This iron operates much slowly as compared to uncontrolled iron.

SELECTION OF SOLDERIONG IRON :

Soldering irons are available in variety of sizes, shapes and wattages. In standard iron, the input voltage is fixed; this resulting temperature depends on capacity of the heating unit and size of the tip. Generally, soldering irons are selected on the basis of the input wattage or the tip, idling, temperature neither of these is valid criterion for matching the right to iron to the job. Ideal tip working temperature is defined as the temperature range between appox 600 to 700 for most electronic assembly.

SOLDERING IRON TIP CLEANING :

Iron plated tips should be cleaned while hot with metal brush or with cellulose sponge (wet) and while cold with a wire brush to remove oxide film. These should not be cleaned with files, sand paper or emery cloth.

DESOLDERING:

This operation is frequently required during maintenance for replacing a component. It consists of removal of solder from a previously soldered joint.
The following techniques are often used for this purpose.

1. USE OF DESOLDERING PUMP

Desoldering pump is a mechanically operated, hand held desoldering tool,. This tool consist of a outer shaft, piston handle and release pin and Teflon pin. It is designed to be held and operated in one hand. The pump can be disassembled and cleaned as required
.
The step by step procedure for desoldering is:
•    Load the pump
•    Heat the solder connected with soldering iron until solder melts. 
•    Hold desoldering pump lightly against the melted solder.
•    Press the pin to vacuum solder from connection.
•    Reload and repeat as necessary to clean the area of solder.

2. USE OF DESOLDERING BRAID

Desoldering braid is loosely woven, flux impregnated, stranded braid of copper wire. The joint to be desoldered is not heated using soldering iron. The braid (wick) is heated first. The solder is sucked into the braid due to capillary action when it is brought near joint. The used portion is cut and thrown away. In this method soldering iron never touches the solder so prevents over heating of components.

3. USE OF DESOLDERING BULB

This also operates on vacuum principle. The rubber is simply a hollow rubber ball with heat resistant Teflon tip. It can be used with any soldering iron.
The iron is held in one hand and used to melt the solder. The bulb held in second hand is then squeezed to create vacuum. The tip is next applied to the reheated solder. Connection action that sucks the solder up through hollow tip into bulb.

4. USE OF DESOLDERING TIP AND DIP EXTRACTOR

This method is used for desoldering IC’S. Here clips of the extractor are fixed over the chip and DIP chip is applied at the other side of the PCB. All connection will melt simultaneously. As the extractor is spring loaded , the IC chip will automatically come up once the solder melts.

SOLDERING DEFECTS:

The defects can be classified according to their nature into major or minor defects.
Some of the defects encountered during soldering are:
DEWETTING- It occurs due to contaminated base metal surface. Dewetting of     solder film as water on greasy surface.
PARTIAL WETTING- This is due to incomplete coverage of the surface by     solder film. This is usually a result of an inadequate time temperature cycle or of     insufficient flux activity.

OTHER SOLDERING DEFECTS MAY OCCUR DURING SOLDERING     PROCESS ARE:

•    EXCESS SOLDER
•    ICICLES
•    BRIDGING
•    POROSITY
•    OVER HEATED JOINTS

COMPONENT  PREPRATION AND MOUNTING.

Components are generally on one side of PCB. In double sided PCB’s, the component are generally mounted usually opposite to the major conductor pattern side depending upon design.
Before mounting any component it is essential to clean the surface to be soldered with some braided cleaning tool. Component leads are bent so that component properly fit into the circuit. Bending of component should be done with minimum stress. The bent leads should fit into the holes perpendicular to the board
.
•    Horizontally mounted components should touch the board surface to avoid lifting of solder joint.
•    Vertically mounted components should not be flush to the board to avoid strain on solder joint.
•    Sealed components should be mounted in such a way to provide a certain distance from the board as insulation coating on component is extended to a certain length along the leads.

Recently Andhra Pradesh chief minister Y S Rajasekhara Reddy died in a flight crash. The experts said that he didn't dead upto 9 minutes after the crash. Have you ever imagined how the experts able to know this? This is all possbile by using a small instrument called Black Box.

Funny thing about black box is that, it is not in black colour. It is in orange colour.It is very strong. It will not break nad can withstand in any conditions. If it fallen from so much height, then also it will be safe. It can withstand in high temparatures.

This instrument is compulsory fitted in helicophters and in aeroplanes. It can record data upto some hours. It can record small sound also. If a pilot presses any key, that key sound also be recorded.

It has mainly two parts. They are 1. Flight Data Recorder(FDR), 2. Cockpit Voice Recorder. Flight data recorder records the information that the flight is at which height from the ground, direction, wind speed etc. Cockpit voice recorder records every sound. Experts observe all this data and analyses how the accident is happened. So experts first look for this instrument.

Unfortunately if it is drained in water, then it can send ultrasonic waves immediately for informing accident is occured. All the sensors which are connected with black box are fitted at different places inside the flight. For example, cockpit voice recoder is connected with different microphones. This mircophones records every sound.

Before the invention of black box, magnetic tapes are used for this recording purpose. This black box is invented by Australian scientist  David Waren in 1953

NEED FOR CONSERVATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

The Electrical Energy that is generated need to be conserved for the following reasons:

• To extend the usage of energy in this earth for a prolonged period.
• To Reduced the energy cost per production.
• To Minimize Global Warming and so on.

The electrical energy can be conserved by ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

Energy Management means effective usage of energy to minimize energy cost and to maximize energy profits. And it should be a continuous process.

The main objective of Energy Management is to achieve optimum energy utilization and minimize energy cost, without affecting its production & quality.

The Principles of Energy Management are

• Reduce avoidable losses.
• Manage energy usage at the highest energy efficiency.
• Reusing & recycling of energy.

Thus the energy has to be conserved for future use and to save our country.

Hi friends,

I lost my Motorola mobile around two months back at a Metro Station and filed an FIR, informed the service provider, and tried all types of mobile tracking services but I have got no response after 2 months also. I think police and mobile tracking services are all useless, as they cannot track anything.

Here is the email complaint I sent to This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. also but there was no response.

“Respected sir/madam:

I found your email id on the net while surfing google. I have lost my mobile while traveling from Rajeev Chowk to Kashmiri Gate on 29/07/2009 between 11:00 to 11:30 A.M. I have filed a police complaint at Kashmiri Gate Metro Police Station, FIR no. is on Page 326/09 of the Police Station. I am providing additional details for tracking my phone back.

My name: Rajinder Soni

Address: XXX Floor XXX Nagar, New Delhi XXX

Phone model: Motorola W220

Make: Motorola

Last used No.: xxxxxxxx

E-mail for communication: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Missed date: 29/07/2009

IMEI No.: 356453011164663

Please let me know when you will track it?

Thanks,

Rajinder Soni”

Please comment that what you think about this.

Have you also lost your cell and did not get it back.

Is the mobile tracker technology available in new phones is useful?