To see the need for compression formats, I will summarize the process of digitization of analog video. The standard defines the analog video lines per frame and frames per second (not all lines containing active video). To digitize analog video signal to sample all the active video lines. Each color sample is encoded into YUV signal (Y-luminance, U and V chrominance). An example of conversion from analog color television to a digital video signal is:
PAL: 576 active lines, 25 frames per second, for 720 pixels and 8 bit per sample to 13.5 Mhz:
- Luminance (Y): 720x576x25x8 = 82,944,000 bits per second
- Chrominance (U): 360x576x25x8 = 41,472,000 bits per second
- Chrominance (V): 360x576x25x8 = 41,472,000 bits per second
Total number of bits: 165,888,000 bits per second (approx. 166Mbits/sg). None of the common systems of video transmission provide sufficient transfer this wealth of information (the Video CD has a transfer rate of 1.4 Mbps and 6 Mbps cable)
Different Types of Compression
MPEG Compression
It is a standard defined specifically for video compression, used for transmission of digital video images. The algorithm used to compress still images also compares the present with the previous frames and future to save only the parts that change. The signal includes digital-quality sound. The disadvantage of this system is that due to its high complexity needs to rely on specific hardware.
There are different options depending on the application:
Standard MPEG-1 Video-CD chosen: VHS-quality digital sound.
MPEG-2 is used in the DVD (Digital Video Disk). Quality than MPEG-1.
High quality MPEG-3 video: 1920x1080x30 Hz with transfers between 20 and 40 Mbps
MPEG-4 is in development.
MJPEG Compression
It basically consists of treating the video as a sequence of still images and independent compression and decompression using the JPEG algorithm, then, reassemble the video image. This can be done in real time and even with little investment in hardware. The disadvantage of this system is that it can be considered as a video standard for even includes the audio signal. Gold problem is that the dependence of transfers tends storage system, since the compression rate is not very large. In practice it is feasible to achieve the quality SVHS thus may work semi.
The conception of television more efficient (better quality) has brought the need to introduce digital television systems. The insertion of this technology we can see from how to work the TV signal from procurement, through the presentation of a television screen, so you could say that there are two general approaches to digital TV working from treatment Signal:
The analog signal is converted to digital TV to be broadcast and then be brought back to analog at the receiver, thereby increasing the efficiency of transmission and also has the ability to add new features.
A digital system itself, in which the signal is digitized before leaving the chamber for further processing and digital broadcast until presented to the receiver.
In evaluating the benefits of Digital TV among which we can cite: reliability, efficient multiplexing, miniaturization, data processing management, less calibration problems, increased complexity in managing capacity, versatility and have greater capacity channels we would realize that is the way best suited to the present and future changes taking place in humanity.
In addition, digital communications have benefited by the tendency of industry to use solid-state components for the construction of their systems. These components provide greater reliability than any other component used in analog systems. Thanks to these solid state components such as integrated circuits, the size of communications equipment has been tremendously reduced and consequently the data management is more efficient than analog techniques.
Modern trends in communication are aimed at the creation of increasingly complex systems that are managed with great ease due to digitization. This is due largely to the versatility of digital systems.
Currently, digital TV is not widely used in the field of commercial television because of some problems of bandwidth, but, however, these problems are being overcome. Digital television in its infancy has been exploited in the field of aerospace research in studying the moon and other planets in the test which proved successful.I tested the Nokia N95 to 8GB all black during the last months and I can say that I was very impressed. Not only are all its features like GPS, 3G connectivity, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth stereo and dual slide with dedicated audio buttons, but most of all the camera, it almost was part of my family in recent months, in perfect photos and film-quality DVD.
Do the unboxing of the N95 8GB is a very pleasant experience. I can see the care of Nokia to enhance its product. Of man can see the differences to the N95 original, starting with the packaging. The screen of the N95 8GB has a QVGA resolution (240 x 320 pixels) and is slightly larger, with 2.8 "to 2.5" of the N95 original. Already the navigation keys are slightly smaller, but very easy to use. The battery is 1200 mAh now, which lasts more than the previous model. The camera lost its protective cover, but honestly I think this is not the slightest fault.
Close to 160MB of the original model, the 8GB capacity of the N95 is taking the breath, to save up to 20 hours of movies or up to 6000 songs, not to mention the programs, the N-Gage games and more.
Click below to continue reading this post on the N95 8GB.
Like I commented on a matter for the N95 is perfect, only missing even a touchscreen display. As a user of a wireless touchscreen in the first days of use I was tempted to use your fingers to select the icons on the screen, but then I used to because the navigation with the buttons works well. And I must say that touchscreen displays are great, but nothing is better than a keyboard for real at the time you want a fast connection. You can also write short texts to speed on the keyboard of the N95 and it works with external Bluetooth keyboard, which is very perfect for a blogger who needs to write down any ideas for posts and columns that can arise at any time.
Like I said before, the camera of 5 megapixel with video camera is the high point of the N95, and my favorite feature on your phone. This camera with Xenon LED flash and Carl Zeiss lenses completely replaced my digital camera because it takes great pictures in macro, and good images even in low light conditions. It is good to remember that beyond the 8GB of internal memory, the N95 8GB also has a slot for microSD cards up to 16GB, bringing the capacity to 24GB. Forget the previous sentence, which was pure delusion on my part.
Another very important point for a lover of music is the player with its own keyboard slide. I am always listening to music while walking down the street, and he replaced my iPod with praise in this, thanks to remote control headset, which has dedicated buttons for start, stop, go back and move the songs, in addition to the microphone to answer calls. Unfortunately failed to test the N95 with stereo Bluetooth headsets because I have not bought these headphones, but this is on my list of priorities.
The Nokia N95 8GB is not as fine as my mobile phone, but if you take into account that it replaces a phone, MP3 player, a camcorder and a digital camera at the same time, the size is totally acceptable, and moreover, he went well on the test to be carried in the pocket of blue jeans. The GPS with Nokia Maps and Google Maps is a chapter, but the key is that the N95 also works as a browser by giving instructions to each curve. Included with the phone is 6 months to use the Nokia Maps service. Another tip is to join the OVI, which joins the most diverse services of Nokia.
One of the best things about the N95 is the fact that he has a good integration with Exchange and other services to access their calendars, emails and contacts in your company's network, so if you change a contact on the street, it will be updated automatically in your primary calendar.
You can install different types of programs, such as OfficeSuite, you may open, edit and even create documents in PowerPoint, Word and Excel, which can greatly increase your productivity when you're away from the office.
He comes with some demos of the N-Gage games, like Gameloft's Asphalt 3 and FIFA 07 by Electronic Arts. Access to the web browser of Nokia is difficult in the beginning, but you usually. You should also keep an eye on the latest programs to install, but some are essential, such as YouTube, Fring, Qik and Opera Mini. Check here a list of 50 programs for the N95 8GB Must created by N95 Blog.
I tested the N95 to sync with Windows Vista and found it perfect. When connecting the phone to a computer connected to the web and install the programs, you will have full access to your N95. The Lifeblog is very interesting, but not tested much further. The Sync with Mac also works very well with the Nokia Multimedia Transfer program. Easily send music from iTunes to the N95, nothing could be simpler, and download the pictures through iPhoto.
The Nokia is also sending very well in promoting the product, because besides the great NJornadas campaign, also launched the Nokia Without Limits, a blog written by my friends and Deividas Pazos Alexandre Ottoni Jovem Nerd counting the number of tips and program to install on N95, addition to a promotion that will give a N95 8GB! Another point to highlight is the opening of the Nokia Store SP in Sao Paulo, one of 10 concept stores the brand around the world.
In a next test we will take a look at the Nokia N81 here in DD, and soon we will post on the famous 5800 XpressMusic, the first touchscreen phone from Nokia that rekindled my hope for a future N-Series as a useful to the pleasant , adding a screen with a touchscreen QWERTY keyboard, which could appear in a third slider, who knows.
My final verdict on the N95 8GB is highly positive, as is cell phone or a digital camera. The N95 8GB is a great choice, and is easily among my favorites of Nokia devices. But I think the best compliment I can make the N95 8GB is that this post should have been done in a month but ended up three months with the unit. And I confess that barely returned to the N95 8GB, I am greatly missed, especially the camera and GPS!
Technology is the application of knowledge to achieve practical ends. Includes physical manifestations as machines and tools, but also intellectual and technical processes used to solve problems and achieve desired results.
An example is the computer represents an aspect of technology or software programs but is equally important.
Impact of Technology on the Organization
For organizational technology means the set of techniques used in transforming inputs into outputs.
Technology applicable to all organizations.
The technology is easy to understand in a physical transformation process, as in an assembly line, but is also suitable for other organizations, such as a hospital or a university.
It builds on the knowledge and equipment used to perform tasks.
Subsequent to the types of inputs and outputs of the system to reach the organization.
Impact of Technology on the Structure
Concept of Structure: Create a formal outline and determines how tasks are performed.
Many scholars have focused specifically on the relationship between technology and organizational structure. Joan Woodward and her colleagues conducted a broad investigation of 100 industrial firms in England. The researcher divided into three companies, based on differences in technology.
This resulted in the number of vertical levels of management in the departments of direct production increased with relative size of its management group.
A similar study by Woodward, by Zwerman, who used 56 companies in the Minneapolis area, generally corroborated the initial results.
A series of studies by the Research Unit in industrial management from the University of Aston, England, provided information on the relationship between technology and structure. Technology classified into three components. Operational technology is the technique used in the workflow activities. The materials technology refers to the nature of the materials used in the transformation process. The technology of knowledge concerning the characteristics of knowledge used in the organization.
Aston Group found that operating technology had no great effect on the structural relationships, except for those structural variables which were centered in the workflow. They concluded that the operational technology revealed structural variables affect only those directly linked to workflow. Technology is a primary determinant of the structure on the production line.
However, we must remember that the Aston study analyzed only the "operational technology. It is likely that these two components of the technology would have an effect on all levels of the structure.
These various studies suggest that the relationship between technology and structure are complex.
Other points of the structure that affected the technology
The technology has not only eliminated many routine jobs, but has restructured the tasks of other workers and requires changes in attitude and behavior.
Impact of Technology on Psychosocial System
The traditional theory of the administration almost did not take into account how the technology affected the psychosocial system. The technical system was considered as given and unchanging, and it was assumed that people would adapt. Fortunately, humans are adaptable and have responded to rapidly changing technology. The technological leadership of complex organizations in the past 100 years have necessitated major adjustments of social systems. The techniques of bureaucracy, scientific management and mass production required fundamental changes. The latest developments in automation and computers today have an important effect, however little has been studied the relationship between technology and psychosocial systems.
Haire says about it: our industrial production plans are created to use the technique of production, machine characteristics and qualities of the material at its peak. The operator is considered as a dependent variable. They are expected to adapt and adjust. It is interesting to speculate what would happen if we will deal to create a production line designed to maximize Human Resources and motivations of the operations of the operators. And then consider the machine as to conform to the requirements of a system designed to maximize human potential.
The technology relates to members of organizations in various ways. It is a key factor in determining the tasks required and the degree of specialization. Often determines the size and composition of immediate work group and the range of contacts with other workers and supervisors. Often determines the degree of physical mobility. It affects various functions and positions of individuals in organizations: generally have higher technical skills means getting a better position, more pay and other rewards. Includes more on identifying the specific design of the work of each employee. The technology, particularly in mass production operations, imposes a time dimension to the workers. Requires timely to start the process and set a certain pace.
Technological change could create uncertainty and anxiety in employment and workers. The skills developed over a period might be obsolete, which vitally affects their self-perception and motivation.
Impact of Technology on Administrative System
One of the main consequences of changing technology has been the increasing specialization of knowledge. The administrative system in most organizations, including many participants with skills and training opportunities. Many specialists with appropriate training in management positions are: research and development, communications experts and industrial psychologists and sociologists.
The modern administrative system is composed of a single person who has knowledge and absolute power, is formed by a team of trained specialists who contribute their skills to the good performance of the organization. Typically these are the "catalysts" that help the organization to use and adapt new technological advances.
Impact of Technology in Automation
The technologies of computers and other relations with them are having a major impact on all levels of organizations. At the operational level, automation, numerically controlled machines, industrial robots and flexible manufacturing systems are examples of this technology. Automation represents the current phase of a long-term trend toward greater complexity and modernization of technological systems for the production of goods.
Natural Sound
To understand the characteristics of digital sound, first make a short introduction to the characteristics of sound and its most basic concepts.
The sound is vibration of air particles that propagate through the air, thanks to the particles of air moving, the vibrations reach our ears. The hearing in humans, occurs whenever vibrations have a frequency between about 15 and 20,000 hertz, and its intensity is enough to reach the inner ear. When the vibrations move these margins are speaking of ultrasound and are invisible to humans.
The sound characteristics can be measured and it is used for units of hertz (Hz) measuring the frequency of a sound or vibration is many times a second, and the decibel (dB) that measures the intensity (amplitude) of a wave.
Sample of four sounds with different frequencies
Shows the same sound at three different intensities
Computer and Sounds
The digital word indicates the presence of numerical processes to realize a fact (image, sound, etc.) Digital audio systems have circuitry to keep track of music, in a nutshell what these circuits is to record a long string of numbers (scanning or sampling) with a device called an analog digital converter (ADC), which is responsible for monitoring the evolution of the wave and assign each time a numeric value, then this numerical value is decoded by a converter called digital -analog (DAC).
Digital Sound Quality
Sound quality depends on the sampling frequency and resolution.
Frequency of sampling or sampling, refers to the number of measurements that are made per second. The greater the number of samples the better the sound quality, for example if the sampling rate is one per second the sound variations that occur in the interim will not be registered. According to studies, the sampling frequency should be twice the highest sound can be heard, as the human ear can hear up to about 20,000 Hertz, the optimal sampling frequency is 44.1 kHz. (44,100 hertz), the frequency used in music CDs. As the instruments or human voices fail the frequency of 10 kHz., With a sampling frequency of 32 kHz. is more than sufficient, lowering the sampling frequency much the sound becomes dull or sharp as some frequencies are lost.
The resolution, the term refers to the accuracy of the measured frequency. It is measured in bits, if the resolution is 8 bits have 256 possible levels (2 ^ 8 = 256). Extending a 16 bit range extends to 65,535 (2 ^ 16 = 65536). As a reference we can say that a CD is recorded at 44.1 Khz. and a resolution of 16 bits.
If you want to scan 3 minutes of music at a sampling rate of 44.1 Khz. and storing each sample by two bytes (16 bits) yields the following:
3 min x 60 sec / min
x 44,100 samples / sec
x 2 bytes / sample
---------------------------
15,876,000 bytes
The above calculation shows that to store a three-minute song with professional quality needs approximately 16 MB. This is where the problem arises because, although the hard drives or other storage media has grown much, having several songs would occupy much of the disk of the computer, To solve this problem have been developed file formats that allow for sound recordings very good quality using a compression method, the problem is that sound can be edited to be modified.More Articles …
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