If you ponder about the various inventions, you are sure to find some inventions that have affected and transformed our day to day lives completely.These inventions may be the result of sheer innovation or just necessity.What ever it might be, the message that they convey is - think out of the box( Think different!).There has been many examples for this quotation " Think different" People believed, when man goes to end of oceans, he will fall down since earth was flat, people said only birds can fly,some even said who would want a computing device at home? they are for business!.Right from the gravity defying invention of wright brothers to the current wonder-mobile phones, all inventions are due to the one phrase some one stood by - " Think different ".The same is the case with the invention that we are going to see.
There is a sequence of steps that historyu has taught inventors:
First, they say you are insane, it can't be done! then when you prove it, they start to question you from all directions, then when you had proven it again and again, everyone would want it!.The same thing happened with Woody Norris.He has not only shown that crazy ideas can be brought to life, but also proved that some crazy ideas can change the way we understand and interact with things.
Just imagine how the world would be,if these people did not follow their dreams through times of adversity and instead believed what they were told by many -"You can't" !??.
Woody Norris,is a modern day innovator who is responsible for bringing to the world a new technology in sound and the way it’s heard by us.Woody Norris has 44 patents and has inventions counting to 15! one of them is Hypersonic Sound(that's what he preferred to call it).Before knowing about the invention, it's a right thing to know something about the inventor first.He was born in Barrelville, Maryland, with both parents did not have any university education(Only schooling I guess).
As a kid he was interested in gadgets and as he grew, his interest n elecrtonics also grew.Almost most of the electronics he knows is self-taught!.He recieved military training-regarding electronics.And he used to borrow damaged orun-functional radios and everytime he used to repair them and make them work.
"You know how some people can play the piano, they just pick out notes? I've always had that ability with electronics and I know rudimentary things about circuits just intuitively." - Woody Norris
He opted to work in local electronics store, but unfortunately he was not wanted.So he applied for airforce and got a job there.But he soon was bored of his job, both due to the nature of the job and the earnings.So he went for a job at a University, where had got the opportunity to develop his electronics skills.He used to take classes in the morning and many in evenings, all this was offered because he was working there, fixing equipments.
In later years,Woody was approached a company from Salt Lake City.They wanted him to invent a sonar version of radar that could listen inside the human body. This was the breakthrough that helped him get into the next level with his skills.After that offer, he had the facilities needed to continue his inventing and from which to get his career started as an inventor.
That was a brief history of the inventor behind Hyper sonic.But what is the invention?Let's just jump to what the invention is and how this Hypersonic thing works.This man has done just such a thing with sound - INNOVATION (thinking different !).So you might think what is new about sound? we have classified the types, we know what we can hear and what we can't, inventors like dolby had helped perfect sound recording and re-production;What else is left for inventing in that field?.Well think again!.This invention is something you wouldn't even thought about yet it is a ver very simple thought.Woody Norris answered the question:"Can we control the path of sound?" and the answer is Yes!(I'm not referring to a speech tube or a pipe through which sound can be directed).
To understand the invention, let's see an example-Consider you want to search for your purse in your bedroom, say at 10 pm at night, would you light up your whole house to find the purse in your bedroom? the answer is definitely not.Also when you want to light up an entire room, you make use of a bulb, when you want to direct light, you use a search light/ torch light.This ability to control light, helped us produce torch light, spot light, and to more efficient-lazers.So what does these examples have to do with this invention of sound? well Woody Norris wondered if the same things could be done with sound.It has been 80 years since loudspeakers were invented, yet we still have these speakers producing sound that goes in all direction rather than only to the listener.When you head a loud rock music, you neighbor yells at you!.
This is where the thinking different part comes in."it was about time to put sound where you want to." this was the thought of Woody Norris.So instead of filling a room with sound, he wanted to control the direction of the sound.Typically when a speaker produces sound, the sound travels in various direction, gets absorbed or deflected from various objects like walls or a person standing in front of it.So we are literally wasting sound energy by letting it propagate around, un directed.The air that carries sound waves also affects how the sound wave propagated.,The humidity of air, it's temperature and pressure-all account to the sound propagation.Hence the speed with which sound travels in air is not constant.So we now know that a propagated sound wave can be disturbed by natural phenomena occurring in the atmosphere around - constant changes in the pressure and density of the air around us.
This corrupting phenomena in the air can be predicted and also used to our advantage, if manipulated correctly.So basically an aspect of this technology is that it sets out to utilize the atmospheric factors, in a better way than we actually do.Sound of Ultrasound frequencies are produced by the Hypersonic,but ultrasonic sounds are not audible right?yes, that is verymush true,but remember we talked about some factors of air, that disturbs the sound waves and causes it to distort? that's the property that we are using for our advantage.
Let me explain in detail:as the ultrasonic beam travels through the air, the inherent properties of the air cause the ultrasound to distort but in a predictable way.Thus this distortion gives rise to frequency components in the audible band, which can be accurately predicted, and therefore precisely controlled. By generating the correct ultrasonic signal, we can create, within the air itself, essentially any sound desired.When a HyperSonic speaker is aimed at someone, the air between that person and the panel is 'mapped' and the space is divided up into many number of (very large number)separate points between the person and the panel. Once the device has analysed and mapped this air pathway, it can then produce sound in suitable way that the sound propagates only through the path mapped, which could be a person( or the ear of someone).Thus sound is directed to a single direction rather than all over the space,but there is a problem, with the distance getting increased,inverse square law kicks in,according to this law,sound drops off about two thirds or energy for every doubling of distance.Hence one need more power if the distance is going to be greater.
What can be the apparent applications of this technology? this questions still stirs around a lot of debate from great uses of the technology to rather weird uses too.Have you ever been to a concert? when you buy that damn low costing ticket, all that you can hear in the concert is any echo and some treble music that may reach you.But that can change with this technology.The sound will remain the same, irrespective of your seating in the front row or the last.Also no more will we be waking our neighbors only because we wanted to hear our favorite music,louder!.
But what can be the more productive applications of this technology?
It can be used for variety of applications that result in productive outcomes in day-to-day life.One such is the creation of zones in our streets, where in, however hard you try to honk your horn, you'll be catching the attention of only the vehicle before you and not everyone around you and also to eliminate road noise as well.Remember the more weird application I was talking about?, well it seem that the technology is being used to try to stop snoring!.
Imagine a soldier who has had a hectic day, he is tired and confused, suddenly he hears a voice "I'm God !, stop the nonsense that you are doing and surrender to Me!" and it happens to be that he is alone in a bunker.The soldier would become so confused and curious that he will be forced to compromise his position.Actually this is not the type of application they are planning on, but American troops are using this technology, to deviate enemies, to make them think that a large number of people are trying to enter from the door on the left side, but actually it's the hypersonic speakers that are causing this distraction.this can be used as a decoy and it'll be a major advantage.There is also another, rather unconventional and cruel use - transmitting a a very high Db signal( more than 120Db) such that the signal to your enemy's ears,bursts his ear drums from miles away.It is claimed that it can also identify enemy soldiers from few hundreds meters away.Also there is the application of sending messages to a particular message to a soldier or groups of soldiers, loud and clear, without the need for headphones!(but what I don't understand is these day's, when a new technology emerges, it's the people of defence department, who try to use them to create weapons and not scientists to create something useful!)
1. Computer Network is a grup of computers which are commented which each other to share information
and resources.
2. The three types of computer networks - LAN,MAN and WAN.
3. A computer network which is dedicated to share information and resources among several personal
computers is known as Local Area Network(LAN).
4. Computer network usually spread acrooss a campus or a city
is known as Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
5. Wide Area Network (WAN) is type of network which covers a wide geographic
area like state or contry.
What is nanotechnology? and what has it got to do with technology?
Did you see the G.I.Joe movies that came out last month?(oh so many question!).If you saw the film, you would have a hint of what nanotechnology is.
When you use some device at nano scale or you manufacture one at nanoscale, the technology used to do so is termed as nano technology.There must be a scale to classify materials or devices as nanoscale or nanotechnology materials right? yes there is.If the material or object is the range of 1 to 100 nanometers (nm), then it can be classified as a nanotechnology matetrial.If you divide one meter into one billion pieces, a single piece will constitute a nanoscale material.In scientific terms,1 nm is equal to one-billionth of a meter (.000000001 m).How small is 1 nm? well it is about 50,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair.
When did we discover nano particles/materials?
Nanoscience has boomed,only in the past one or two decade ago(I think), but the wonder of nanotechnology have existed for millions of years around us in nature.Did you know that a single strand of spider silk is 10 times stronger than a metal thread of same dimensions! why? due to nano crystals.Also you might have seen water floating on the leaves of a lotus, why? again, due to nano scale hairs on the leaf surface.There are many examples in nature for nanotechnology.It is also unique because many of the mechanisms of the biological and physical world operates on scales from 0.1 to 100 nm(like our immune system, the bacterias, the growth of cells, etc.,At these dimensions materials exhibit different physical properties.So scientists expect that many uses can be derived at the nanoscale.
There have been some developments and breakthrough in nanotechnology.Some commercial products are available that are aided by nanotechnology.Some examples are catalytic converters in automobiles that help remove air pollutants, the read write head of the hard disk, certain sunscreens and cosmetics that transparently block harmful radiation from the Sun,tooth pastes with nanoscale materials, paints that have nanotechnology touch in them to act as stronger protective coat.But what we have discovered or invented till now is very little.Some scientists have come up with applications of nanotechnology in electronics, some in medicine yet some in construction engineering and more departments of sciences are trying their hand on this new technology.Some of you might have heard this- scientists have successfully made a small working motor in nano scale, they have created objects out of carbon molecules like gears, tubes and circuits.
Studying some history about nanotechnology, I came to know that nanotechnology began being promoted as a great, unique technology in the late 1970s itself.In 1974 a Japanese scientist- Norio Taniguchi used the term nanotechnology for first first time,in a paper titled “On the Basic Concept of Nanotechnology.But there are claims that the term was also used by American engineer K. Eric Drexler in the book "Engines of Creation" which had a greater impact and helped accelerate the growth of the field.There is always controversy in history, since people want to claim the fame for themselves!.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) ,Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) ,Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) .what are these? have you heard of these names before? they are the equipments used for manufacturing things at nanoscale or to modify things at nanoscale.Let's not go into the details of each, since the contain a lot of scientific content.(which is boring and has to be copied as it is sometimes)
That was a very brief introduction to the nanotechnology.But where is the part about nanotechnology and electronics?
Many of us own Nokia cell/mobile phones.Nokia is one of the leading commercial cell phone producer.There are other big contenders too in the market.But Nokia is putting in more money into Research and development hence you can see a very wide range of mobiles under the brand name.And one brain child of Nokia's R&D labs is a mobile phone, they call it Nokia Morph.Cool name isn't it?
They suggest that they can make a phone, that harnesses the power of nanotechnology, thus creating a new era of electronic products.Since nanotechnology allows us to create even transistors at nano scale, the possibilities of nanotechnology in electronics is endless.Using the feasibility and considering the production methods, the researchers have come up with a big list of features,that Nokia Morph may offer.
There was a exhibition called "The Museum of Modern Art “Design and The Elastic Mind” , Nokia morph concept was presented at that exhibition,and got the attention of people world wide.This concept phone, features some unique and intriguing possibilities in technology that are being explored by Nokia Research Center (NRC)-the R&D labs of Nokia.They are colaborating with the Cambridge Nanoscience Centre in UK.Together, they are exploring nanoscale technologies that will give to the world new and radical devices that can be a gateway to a new line of devices, never seen before.
Since it is a concept, there are only claims about the feature but no actual proof fo the technologies they offer.But it is believed that those features are not far from our reach.
Some of the features include flexible and transparent materials for the outer body of the phone, that can also act as entire display unit.Some intriguing features proposed are sensors placed on the surface, that can enable the device to detect things from the integrity of the food that you are about to consume to the visual detection of your face for security purposes.There is also a possibility of transparent electronics offering an entirely new aesthetic dimension.Scientists have also proposed power saving features like built-in solar absorption that might charge the device, also the batteries can become smaller, longer lasting and faster to charge.The Morph phone can become self-cleaning and self-preserving .i.e the nanotechnology will enable it to stay free from dust and even water!.Let us see these features mentioned above in more detail.
Nanotechnology also can be used to create self-cleaning surfaces over the device,as mentioned before, tightly packed nanoparticles could act as resistant to dust and moisture.This leads to the reduction of corrosion, wear and improving the life of the device.Nanostructured surfaces, which they call-Nanoflowers naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints , this idea is borrowed from nature- like the surface of some leaves.
Nanotechnology enables materials and components that exhibit strange features like transparent, yet strong and flexible material.Fibril proteins as they call it ,are woven into threads, that helps support this thin elastic structures. This is similar to the spider silk we talked about earlier- flexible, transparent but strong.This can enable us to flex the device.Morph claims that a folded design would fit easily in a pocket and could ergonomically pose as a traditional handset.An unfolded larger design could display more detailed information, and can be used for functions such as having input devices such as keyboards and touch pads.
The device will also feature what is called nano grass , that will be capable of acting as alternative power source, harnessing solar power.Not only that, but using nanotechnology the batteries could become smaller and thinner but their capabilities increase.i.e. they can withstand more re-charging cycles, store more power and get charged up quickly.
Sensors can become more useful, nano scale sensors would enable us to sense real-time data about our surroundings or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to eat should be washed.Also visual sensors can capture image, verify faces and can also act as wall papers for your mobile phone outer design(see the video link for the details)
Nanotechnology doesn't only increase the advantage and features of a mobile phone, but Nokia claims the integrated electronics in the Morph concept could cost less and include more functionality in a much smaller space, hence the user interaction is enhanced.All of these new capabilities will unleash new applications and services that will allow us communicate with each other and interact with devices in new ways.
Is Nokia the only company exploring the depths of nanotechnology in electronics? definitely not! the computer electronics company, mainly known for it's processors - Intel have already started using their findings in nanotechnology.Do you have a Pc that contains a Core2duo processor? then you have been experiencing nanotechnology daily.Or if you have bought a new notebook Pc that contains Intel Atom, again you have been experiencing nanotechnology.If the question is how, the answer is the manufaturing process of the microprocessors.
Intel Atom:
These micro processors use what is called nanometer fabrication technique(which Intel calls with names like Nehelam, etc.,)the transistors that are used in the fabrication are in the size of 45nm, previous versions of Intel chips featured the 65nm fabrication technology.Since the size of the transistor is reduced, one can pack more number of transistors in smaller area, hence more computing power, less power consumption and less space needed.You might have seen the advertisement where people search for a chip that is so tiny, that it is not visible, well it is true.Imagine transistors being contained in a small chip of size .
Not only in the feild of electronics, nanotechnology is being applied, in other feilds of science also the possibilities and impacts of nanotechnology are being explored.The next revolution is believed to be the nenotechnology,so start researching about it.
DATA WAREHOUSE:
A data warehouse is a repository of integrated information, available for queries and analysis.
There are two types of information systems
1. Operational systems.
2. Informational systems.
RULES:
1. Time dependent.
2. Non-volatile.
3. Subject Oriented.
4. Integrated.
Steps Involved in data Warehouse are as follows.
1.The data must be extracted from multiple, heterogeneous sources.
2.Data must be formatted for consistency within the warehouse.
3.The data must be cleaned to ensure validity.
4.The data must be fitted into the data model of the warehouse.
5.The data must be loaded in to the data warehouse.
ADVANTAGES:
Data warehouses are free from the restrictions of the transactional environment there is an increased efficiency in query processing.
Artificial intelligence techniques, which may include genetic algorithm and neural networks, are used for classification and are employed to discover knowledge from the data warehouse that may be unexpected or difficult to specify in queries.
APPLICATIONS:
1.MARKETING.
2. FINANCE .
3. MANUFACTURING.
4.HEALTH CARE.
BASICS ABOUT CALL CENTRE
n Call centers are voice or web based
n Either in bound or out bound where in calls are received from and made to the customer respectively
n Specialized in business processing, here calls are made from company to company.
n Areas addressed by call centers are sales support, reservations, bank accounts and telemarketing .
Inbound call centers
n In bound call centers provide support function that include inquiries or help desks for various segments.
n Most of the call centers are offering customer relationship management services that include support for
§ voice call center,
§ e-mail response,
§ web-based text services and
§ Backroom processing.
Out bound call centers
Out bound call centers provide services for customer contact, to interact with international clients either on the help- desk make collection calls which include market surveys information and telemarketing.
NON VOICED JOBS:
n Data entry
n This requires updating, organizing data base on various details of customers and clients.
n Transaction processing: Answering customers
n Queries, enquiries and responding to the complaints over the E-Mail.
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