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In times of emergency,created due to natural calamities or at times when resources are very scarce, people need some kind of miracle idea to save lives.
One problem that we face during times of emergency like flood, storm, tsunami is supply of fresh and safe drinking water.Not only in the times of emergency do we need safe drinking water, but today in many cities and in vast number of villages, we need safe drinking water, because we have already used up most of the ground water.All the source of water that we can easily get is either dirty or contaminated.
The same grieved thought struck a man named Michael W. Pritchard.He says
"I developed the LIFESAVER after I saw the tragic waste of life and serious problems caused by the lack of safe drinking water in the wake of the tsunami in December 2004 and then again the following year on August 29, 2005 when Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana. I could not believe it. I really felt that something had to be done. It took a little while and some very frustrating prototypes but eventually I did it."
.His urge to create a change, gave to the world an invention of new kind, the one no one has never seen before LIFE SAVER BOTTLE-a filtration method, that can deliver safe drinking water, from any source of water, be it dirty or polluted.
How can you ensure safe drinking water from a water that is contaminated? Enter the science of nanotechnology!It is claimed that the smallest of bacteria are upto 200nm in size and the other deadly micro organism-viruses are smaller than bacterias, getting upto 25nm.So what do you do? find a way to filter these, hence we create a filter smaller than the smallest viruses or bacterias.The filter of the Life Saver bottles are of the order 15nm, hence no one is getting through!.Also most of the pollutants we know are larger than that.Hence this method is assured to deliver safe drinking water.
How safe?
Another video
Now let's go to some technical side of the Life Saver bottles.As mentioned before, the nanotechnological filtration method helps the bottles to remove all microbial germs like bacterias, fungi,viruses stc.,The good news is that it does this, all without the need of any chemicals or any other catalytic process.using chemicals to remove these micro organisms is what we are doing today, but we are merely drinking the graveyard of bacterias and viruses.Also we take in the chemicals that killed them!.This doesn't sound bad, but this is a serious issue in the long run.
How was the invention tested? in all means possible, from contaminated water, with dirt to water that contained millions of bacterias and viruses.The result is that the Environmental Protection Agency has approved the invention because the Lifesaver bottles purified the water in excess purity that what was legally required by the standards set by European standards!.if you had seen the video that was there a few lines before, you can see the real power of the Lifesaver bottles.To ensure that it is safe, many other technologies have been built into the Life saver bottles,like easy operation, easy replacement of parts, universal instructions set that can be understood even by illiterates, and fail-safe methods that ensure the bottle doesn't work if the purification is not possible anymore.All this without incorporating any electronics!.
These are the features that are offered by the Lifesaver bottles:
One of the simple, yet great feature of Lifesaver bottles is that they are able to do the filtration in any position.You keep it upright or facing downwards, it'll purify no matter what the position.This is not the case with most osmosis based purifiers.The filtration is done, when and where needed and the process is quick too.Unlike other handy purifiers, you need not wait for the purification process to initiate and finish.You just have too pour in or scoop some water, purify and drink - as simple as 1-2-3.
But what about water sources that might contain harsh debris like stones or sticks, metallic objects,etc.,? won't they damage the filtering mechanism? the answer is no! the Life saver bottle contains a pre-filter disc.This protects the filtering membranes from objects from such harsh debris.Hence it also increases the life of the purifying cartridges in the Lifesaver bottles.The intriguing thing about this pre-filter is that it is a sponge. Hence you can get water from creeks in rocks or from very little source of water.The inventor has indeed pushed the levels of thinking!
In how many languages does the instruction in Lifesaver bottles written?the answer is none.The Life saver bottle doesn't used text or numbers to indicate the instructions, rather than that is uses a series of visual icons that say what is need to be done.The image below will be self explanatory:
- Close the lid on top
- Open up the bottom by twisting the handle
- Get some water into the bottle through the bottom
- Close the bottom by placing the handle in place
- After you have tightened the bottom cap, give a few pushes of the pumping handle available
- Now turn the safety lock off by turning it once to the other side
- Pop open the cap
- Drink safe water
Remember, whenever you taste a mineral water, the water tastes rather sweet? it's because they have added small amounts of chemicals to sweeten the water, to get you away from tasting the real thing or the chemicals used to purify the water, tastes such.Whatever be the case, we are drinking water that contains chemicals that doesn't harm us, yet they are not needed for our body.But this changes with the usage of Lifesaver bottles - no chemicals used, just pure water.
The Lifesaver bottles are purified using two types of filters, one that can last upto 4000 liters of water purification , another that can purify upto 6000 liters of water.And the great advantage of these filters is that they not only filter out all micro organisms, but they also contain a fail safe technology that enables the bottle to stop functioning.How is it done? well after continuous usage, the bottle needs more number of pumps as time passes by, until at one point, whatever you do, pump as hard as possible, you won't get any water from the outlet!.
Since the bottle uses pressurised water to effect the purification, there is a possibility of increased pressurisation of the water inside it.To avoid this over pressurisation,the Lifesaver bottle will cause the bottle's lid to bulge.If the pressure seems to build again, then the cap open automatically, letting out the pressurised water.Also since every time pressurised water comes out(the bottle shoots out water!).You can use it to clean wounds.Or to pour effectively into a container or glass.
There is always a small, et predominant problem with bottles that contain teats( see the image below to see what is a teat).People tend to shew the teat, while drinking.Or if children use them , they bite the teat.This causes the problem of the teat to wear out soon or even worst case- causes obstruction to the flow of water,out of the bottle.But the bottle is fitted with a teat that is chew -proof and doesn't have any taste.But it will eventually wear out.But the good part is that one can easily change the teat since it is designed to be replaceable.
We talked about how the Lifesaver removes unwanted substance like debris, stones, mud, dirt, micro organisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses,etc., bu what about water that is contaminated with chemicals.Will the Lifesaver Bottles purify such water sources too? the answer is yes, it can!.The Life saver comes with what is called an active carbon filter.This is a active carbon filter since each piece of carbon filter is designed to provide a large section of surface area, in order to allow contaminants the most possible exposure to the filter media.
Hence it reduces a number of chemical residues including pesticides, chemical compounds, medical residues and heavy metal residues such as lead and copper. This filter, since it has to react with chemicals, it is designed to last only for 250 liters because if prolonged exposure to chemical contaminants occur, the filter may fail to remove the chemical substance and can fail to give safe drinking water.
What can be the apparent advantages of the Lifesaver bottles? well you can figure that out yourself, but we will see some chief applications of the invention.
You no longer need to take a sterile drinking water from home.You need to purify using a water purifier, that wastes energy or you need to heat the hater, that wastes precious fossil fuel.Instead you can carry a Lifesaver bottle, that can easily purify water from any source that you can find, anywhere.Also it can be used when you are trekking, camping, travelling abroad or anywhere you don’t trust the water like in a restaurant or a hotel.Apart from day to day uses, Life saver bottle ensures you that you can get water in times of emergency, where you can get only contaminated water.The best thing is that the technology behind Lifesaver is not only built into handy water bottles, the same technology is built into larget water cans also!.
There are inventions that are due to innovations or due to sheer necessity, yet, there are some inventions that defy the natural thinking of scientists.There are some inventors who not only think different, but their inventions re also something unique.In that context, I'm going to present you with two very different inventions that many of us wouldn't have even dreamed of, and their inventors are nothing less than artists, who had an exemplary vision of the future.
The first invention we are going to see, is called by it's inventor as Stranded beasts.When you hear that a machine, is working on it's own,and you are asked what are the things that it might contain, the immediate answer will be metal, motors, chips with programmed memory in it(sometimes the image of a robot you saw in a film flashes before your eyes).But this invention is nothing close to what you think.Let me give you some of the more common features- this invention can walk, it has many legs, it is self powered, it cannot see, yet it can successfully navigate and it is built in various sizes and shapes.These would obviously lead to the conclusion that a robot, that contains some kind of solar panel, and a radar or sonar mounted, can walk without cameras, but detect things using sound waves.You are wrong again!.This invention doesn't have a programed chip, doesn't contain any solar panels or motors, there is NO ELECTRONICS involved in it, and better yet, there is no metal involved too!.Astonishing isn't it!.
The creator of this Stranded beast is Theo Jansen, he was born in 1948 in Netherlands.He is a Dutch artist and what people call himn, a kinetic sculptor.He is able to create large things, which resemble huge insects and sometimes the skeleton of animals.These are not just sculptures, they can move!.With the help of wind energy, along the beaches of Netherland, this man has enables all mechanical, all natural beast like things, to walk on their own!.His works are peices of art and innovations in engineering, it's more like a fusion of both, that resulted in a spectacular invention.He says that people believe that there is a vast difference between engineering and art, because they believe so, it's due to a virtual wall between the two in their minds.And he has proven them all, wrong .i.e. art and engineering can be combined to create fascinating things.
He was studying physics, but he soon got interested in the field of arts.Leaving his studies in physics, he began his artistic career in the 70s .Initially a painter, he soon found himself exploring the fields of robotics and aeronautical sciences.He had created some intriguing machines, one of them is a "painting machine",which is a robot, that could paint graffiti on walls.These inventions showed that he had the his skill to apply his engineering knowledge in different artistic ways.It has been fifteen years since Theo Jansen has tried to create a new form of life. His "Strand beast" looks so organic in shape,that from a distance they could be mistaken for huge insects.They are made not from modern materials like carbon fiber or fibre glass, but from flexible plastic tubes and adhesive tape.
His initial works were simulations of his ideas using computer.These inventions he has created so far, do not require engines, sensors or any other type of advanced technology in order to walk.They move only using the kinetic energy from the wind and the wet sand of beaches, enable them to move with greater friction.Janson has a laboratory in Ypenburg, he studies the history of biological evolution so that he could apply the concepts to his creations, to enable them to do more things than just walk.He has a dream of creating groups of such Stranded beasts and they will be fully autonomus, from moving to protecting themselves.
This first time you see these stranded beasts, you get astonished and amazed, trying to think how one could possibly create something that can move without any electronics and be autonomous without any programming, but his ideas and inventions were in the dark, since people were so much occupied with the modern electronic age, where you can have a music player the size of half of your thumb!.Since his inventions is not very flashy and it did not use any high tech gadgets, it failed to get attention initially.That was until a few years ago, his ideas and design was recognised and he is being praised for his work.Remember I mentioned about his creations first being simulated in labs? well,Jansen's creatures are first simulated in a computer,in the virtual arena, he studies the working of all the simulations and the best and efficient of the design is then made as a real time model with light and flexible tubes, nylon thread and adhesive tape.He then uses what he calls DNA (the details of what made the creatures efficient) of one generation of beasts to create new generation of beasts,only much improved.
Through this kind of approach, he has successfully created some creatures that can actually respond to some natural dangers.Animaris Sabulosa( wired name isn't it?) one of his creations can actually anchor itself to the sand, by hammering it's nose to the ground, when it detects that the winds are too strong.i.e. a storm may be approaching the coasts.He is so successful in his designs that he is actually working on seventh generation of such creatures. One of his creations which he calls Animaris Percipiere has a stomach!.Why does it need a stomach?, to store wind.It uses recycled bottles(many number of bottles) to compress and store air, which can be used for various purposes-from helping the animal to move to detection of atmosphere.For compression of the air, it uses something that resembles our muscle system.Thus he is actually trying to create some kind of physical resemblance and a kind of control center that can trigger other air compression systems to perform any other operation.Some of his creations can actually change the direction of it's movement when it detects any obstruction in it's path.His newest creation is called Animaris Rhinozeros, it is very huge and can carry people around and an advancement- it can go to places, where there is no sand and no wind.How? due to the stored air system Theo Janson has built using soda bottles!.
He has already started a revolution in design and engineering and he is hopeful that he can one day evolve these creations to a point from which they can develop on their own, without the need for his help.
Now we move on to the next invention.You might have heard of a thin display, a large display, fold-able displays even.But not the revolution is spherical display.That's right not just a circular one(2D) but a spherical one(3D). But the amazing thing about the principle behind the display is that is uses only 2D array of lights.Then you must be wondering how can a 2D array of light be used for a 3D display?. That's where the amazing part is!.
This invention is the result of combined work of a father and his son.The name of the inventor is James N Sears, His father is Ron Sears.They call their invention-The orb.In his Blogs,James N Sears has quoted that a similar idea was proposed, before him, only that it wasn't implemented.His blog says that a man named Buckminister Fuller, wanted to construct, what he called the Geoscope.He wanted it to be 200 foot in diameter and wanted it to be suspended in the East river,in full view of the UN.Why was his idea never implemented? well he proposed his ideas in the year 1962, when the modern day electronics and computers were only starting their first steps and no one wanted to put manpower and wealth into a thing that might not be functional at that time.
Let's quickly move on to the working of this invention.As mentioned before, this invention is capable of creating spherical displays.But with a two dimensional arrangement of lights.So what creates 3D display? well the 2D array of light is actually arranged in a circular fashion and this arrangement rotates so fast that to you eye, it looks like one continuous spherical display.But in practical, it's only an illusion of circular lights spinning at very high RPM.So far they have managed to display images but they are moving on to relay video on to the display.
To understand the working better, we need to consider the stages in which the Orb was developed.Initially the Idea was to mount a circular array of lights, over a shaft, that would rotate at high RPM.He made the frame, the circuitry all by himself and tested the Orb for first time, in 2006.since the circuitry along with the lights(LED) are going to be rotating, they had to find a way to mount the electronics, that would rotate along with the frame.But here is the challenge- how will you create a circuitry, that is going to be rotating while maintaining electrical contact?.Well a circuit needs power, not only through copper wires, it can also be any other conducting metal contact.Since they had found a way to make this rotating circuitry happen, it was time to put on the lights and do the initial testing, they experimented with different arrangement of lights in the frame, that when rotated, produced patterns of 3D display.
It was in the end of 2006(in december) that the Orb, finally took shape.The circuitry was complete,along with the full set of LEDs and the rotating shaft.The initial tests were done, using micro controllers, that which did not display images but merely patterns, made using different pattern algorithms.They were to move on to the next big part- i.e. to enable the machine to display image.
But before moving on, let's understand, how it is able to produce images in 3D spherical display.The light array, changes color, while it is spinning at a high RPM.Since we can't keep track of the spinning, the fast changing lights and the spinning, together give us the illusion of a continuous image-a spherical image.But it is actually a 2D light array, rotating spherically.To understand it, in simple words, the light array, changes light pattern for every degree of rotation so at 360 degrees , it displays the first pattern again, hence by fast rotation, we get continuous picture.
See this video [This will help you understand better]
By the year 2007(in January, the orb had been programed to display image, it showed the image of a rotating earth.The initial design-the orb was made with fewer LED and the were large too, so the clarity of the image being displayed was very much limited.With the success of the initial design,they wanted to make a bigger orb, with increased resolution, so the original design was revamped.This time a circular PCB was employed, hence made the circuitry more simple.And the PCB allowed hassle free solution for setting up the Orb.
This is also an improved version in terms of capabilities, it not only can create a single spherical display, but can combine an inset of light arrangement to created distinctive patterns.Also it's memory has been improved, providing the ability to relay higher resolution(the improvement in image clarity is visible in the image below).
Since the success of the invention, the concept and the device had visited a lot of local and international science fairs and conferences.It was even featured in the 2007 conference of TED.
Thinking different, has a new meaning these days, since around us we see a lot of things, that have already been invented and already being improved.So when you think, what could be something new that can be invented? well think again!. There is always room for something new!.
WIRELESS SYSTEMS
CELLULAR PHONES:
There are two types of technology available in mobile phones. They are
1.GSM
2.CDMA
GSM:
It stands for Guided Subscriber Module which consists of SIM card. SIM stands for Subscriber Identifier Module. It requires Base station to be erected between particular distances to receive and transmit signals.
CDMA:
It stands for Coded division Multiple access. It does not require SIM to operate. Each mobile is inbuild with subscriber identification within itself. The frequency range for CDMA is high and therefore Base station required is lesser when compared to GSM.
WIRELESS LANs:
Infrared or radio links.
ADVANTAGES:
1.Very flexible within the reception area.
2.Ad-hoc networks possible.
3.(almost) no wiring difficulties.
DISADVANTAGES:
1.Low bandwidth compared to wired networks.
2.Many proprietary solutions.
BLUETOOTH:
CONSORTIUM:
Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba - many members.
SCENARIOS:
Connection of peripheral devices like
loudspeaker, joystick, headset
Support of ad-hoc networking
Small devices, low-cost.
Bridging of networks
e.g., GSM via mobile phone - Bluetooth - laptop
ROBOTS
INTRODUCTION:
Robot can be defined as a programmable, multifunction instr designed to move material, parts, etc., through programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks .
Instrumentation and Robots - intimately allied in spite of instrumentation being a mechanical engineering field and robotics being computer science related.
Robotics is, in many respects a mechanical system.
Major components to erect similar machines are, sensing, effecting and interpreting, generating and reasoning.
DESIGNING OF ROBOTS:
Robots are amazingly interdisciplinary system comprising of mechanics, electronics, hardware and software issues relevant to these categories.
A robot is chiefly made of sensors, actuators and wireless communication.
But “When the environment is poorly known, it is impossible to plan for the robot that will be collision-free and reach a goal under all circumstances”.
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