Types of Internet Protocols:
The Most commonly used internet protocols are as follows:
* Transmission control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
* File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
* Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
* Telnet.
* Gopher.
* Wide area information service.
TCP is actually a collection of protocols, or rules, that govern the way data travels from one machine to another across networks. The internet is based on TCP and IP.
The TCP component breaks data up into packets that the network can handle eficiently, verifies whether all the packets have arrived at their destination and "reassembles" the data.
FTP is the protocol, which enables files to be transferred between computers. FTP is a powerful to, which allow files to be transferred from one computer to another.
HTTP is a set of rules, that governs the transfer of hypertext between two or more computers. The world wide web encompasses the universe of information that is available via HTTP.
It is based on client/Server principle.
Telnet is a protocol that enables one ocmputer to connect to another computer. This process is also referred to as remote login. Once connected, the user's computer emulates the remote computer.
It also operates in client/ Server principle.
Gopher is a protocol designed to search, retrieve, and display documents from remote sites on the Internet. In addition to document display, document retrieval, it is possible to initiate on-line connections with other systems via Gopher.
Information accessible via Gopher is stored on many computers all over the Internet.
WAIS is based on Z39.50 standard. It has the capability of simultaneously searching in more than one database. After the search phrase has been typed into the client interface, the user can then choose which databases shoud be used to compete the search.
Intro
I suppose I am not to be exaggerating if somebody asks me “where is your bank?” And if I say “in my hand”. Really we can make a several banking operation with the help of mobile phone. In India, there are 400 million mobile populations & growing. Banking population is much less than this & there is tremendous scope for bank to utilize this mobile channel because most of the customers are comfortable with. Bankers are now shifting focus from cost reduction to branch less banking.
Technology
For branch less banking there are two elements. First is Debit/ATM/Smart Card & another is cell phone. Both are technology dependent. ATM or smart card technology is not at all brings down the banking cost, because it involves operation cost, but mobile banking is really a cashless & if our
MS-Mobile Station ISC-International Switching Centre
BTS-Base Transceiver Station EIR-Equipment Identity Register
BSC-Base Station Controller AUC-Authentication Centre
MSC-Mobile Switch Centre HLR-Home Location Registry
OMC-Operation and Management Centre VLR-Visitor Location Registry
SMSC-Short Message Service Centre
GSM Architecture
Involvement in mobile banking is more then really we will enter in to a cashless economy.
Mainly SMS, GPRS and USSD (Unstructured Supplementary service data), this three technologies are used for mobile banking.
SMS, often called text messaging, is widely accepted for mobile banking because all current mobile devices having a text messaging facility. GPRS, a general-packet-based-radio-service, is widely accepted because its faster data rate. It has become more widely available along with other 2.5G and 3G services. Java enabled handset is required fro GPRS. Banks offer this facility only in GSM mobile, not in CDMA mobile.
Protocol Overview
What Mobile Banking Facilities Bank offered to the customers?
Banking Services
- Check balances in the customers current account & savings account,
- Check balances in the customers fixed deposit account,
- Check & view last 10 transactions in the customers account,
- Request for a/c statement for a selected period through E-mail,
- Customers can pay bills for registered billers through banks Bill Pay system,
- Customers can transfer funds from their account to any other third party account. This system varies from bank to bank,
- Customer can request to issue a new cheque book,
- Customer can check the status of his issued cheque,
Investment Services
- Check investment account holding value,
- Investment in mutual fund,
- Redeem the investment,
- Last 5 NAV of mutual fund
Addl. Customer can change his net banking password. It is advisable to change the password in regular interval.
Who can access & view mobile banking?
Individual Account
|
Account Type |
View |
Access |
|
Sole Ownership Account |
Yes |
Yes-Access & Transact |
|
Joint Account-Single Operation |
Yes |
Yes-Access & Transact |
|
Joint Account-Joint Operation |
Yes |
No |
|
Minor Account-Minor |
No |
No |
|
Minor Account-Guardian |
Yes |
Yes-Access & Transact |
|
Minor Account-Power of Attorney |
Yes |
Yes-Access & Transact |
Non-Individual Account
|
Account Type |
View |
Access |
|
Authorized Signatories-Single Operating |
Yes |
Yes-Access & Transact |
|
Authorized Signatories-Conditional Operating |
Yes |
No |
How SMS Mobile Banking Works
- To avail this facility it is essential to register mobile number with the bank
- You must be a subscriber of cellular service provider with whom bank has a tie up with SMS facility,
- SMS banking covers most of the basic banking enquiry like, balance enquiry, cheque status, mini statement, cheque book request & others,
- Individual can access only his account.
- Transaction is executed when a customer send a command keyword, to the bank, using a short code, a five or six digit number. If a/c holder send ‘BAL’ a/c holder will get a quick response with their a/c balance.
How GPRS enabled mobile banking works
- Need a GPRS enable mobile handset & a advanced GPRS subscription from mobile service provider, and also minimum 80 kbps GPRS bandwidth required,
- The handset must be Java enabled having MIDP 2.0 and CLDC 1.0 compliant & having a greater than 100kb JAR Memory,
- With the help of GPRS menu of service provider download the application provided by the bank and install it,
- After installation application icon will be appear in the menu,
- Start the application with user ID or nick name & net banking password. After successful login activation key is generated. You have to register this key with the help of bank’s customer care service. After successful registration you will access your account using bank’s mobile banking facility from your mobile phone.
Note: Activation key is required to register every time if you change your mobile phone or reinstall the application software.
How USSD enabled mobile banking works
USSD means Unstructured Supplementary Service Data. This system is only available on GSM networks. Various mobile banking process i.e. balance enquiry, money transfer, bill payment, and top up can be performed through this communication protocol. It is similar to SMS technology only that its data payload limits between 160-182 alphanumeric characters in a single transmission. However this technology has some advantage over than SMS technology
- Message delivery is guaranteed
- This protocol allows for session based communication between the server & the mobile handset,
- USSD application may be performed using a wide variety of mobile application platforms like, WAP,J2ME,SIM Toolkit, CAMAL or using USSD command,
- USSD is more secure than standard SMS,
- Invoke commands by entering command codes, no need to install an application into the handset or no need to open a messaging application,
- USSD does not cost the end users,
Security
Mobile banking is very attractive due to his convenient approach to perform remote banking, but however, the safety issue is still a concern for several customers. Banks are assuring the customers that the mobile banking is safe just like an iron locker because the transaction work on a four-digit mobile banking PIN. Incorrect pin entries lock the application.
The mobile banking uses secured HTTPS protocol for communication between the mobile client and the mobile server. Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) uses HTTP, but, additionally activates Web server security, in the form of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), So that the communications between the client and the (host) Web server are encrypted.
Conclusion
As long as technology is save mobile banking is also a save. Globally m-commerce is growing very fast. Every bank is trying to give customer a better opportunity. Advance technologies simplified our life. We can do more out of the bank.
Ref. video: how Barclays Mobile banking works
http://www.barclays.in/channels/mobile/hello_money_demo.htm
Ref. Kotak Mahindra Bank, Barclays India, Indian Overseas Bank
The World Wide Web (called WWW or W3 in short) is the most popular and promising method of accessing the internet. The main reason for its popularity is the use of a concept called hypertext.
Hypertext is a new way of information storage and retrieval which enables authors to structure information in novel ways. An effectively designed hypertext document can help users rapidly locate the desired type of information from the vast amount of information on the internet.
Hypertext documents enable this by using a series of links. A link can be shown on the screen in multiple ways, such as a labeled button, highlighted text or different color text than normal text if your computer has a color display, or author-defined graphic symbols.
Link is a special type of item in a hypertext document which connects the document to another document that provides more information about the linked item. The latter document can be anywhere on the internet (in the same document in which the linked item is, in the same computer in which the former document is or in another computer which is at the other end of the world). By “connect” we mean that a user simply selects the linked item (using a mouse or key command) and the user almost immediately sees the other document on his/her computer terminal.
The concept of hypertext can be best illustrated with the help of an example. Let us assume that the screen of your computer terminal has the following hypertext document currently displayed on it. This hypertext document has the following two links, which are shown on the screen as highlighted (bold and underlined) texts:
1. Center for Development of Advanced computing (C-DAC) - Let us assume that this link connects the current document to another document, which gives detailed information about C-DAC and is located on a computer system at C-DAC in Pune, India.
2. Multimedia systems Research Laboratory (MSRL) of Panasonic - Let us assume that this link connects the current document to another document, which gives detailed information about MSRL of Panasonic, and is located on a computer system at MSRL of Panasonic in Tokyo, Japan.
Now if you use your mouse to click anywhere on the link Multimedia Systems Research Laboratory (MSRL) of Panasonic, within a few seconds you will find yourself connected to the computer at MSRL of Panasonic in Tokyo. A document containing detailed information about MSRL will be displayed on your computer screen.
Hypertext documents on the internet are known as Web pages. Web pages are created by using a special language called Hypertext Markup Language(HTML in short).HTML is a subset of the more generalized language called standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML in short), which is a powerful language for linking documents for easier electronic access and manipulation. HTML is becoming a de-facto industrial standard for creating web pages.
The WWW uses the client-server model and an Internet protocol called Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP in short) for interaction between the computers on the internet. Any computer on the internet which uses the HTTP protocol is called a Web Server. And any computer which can access that server is called a Web client. The use of the client-server model and the HTTP allows different kinds of computers on the internet to interact with each other. For example, UNIX workstation may be the web server and a windows pc may be the web client, if both of them use the HTTP protocol for transmitting and receiving information.
The internet is a huge network of computers which links many different types of computers all over the world. It is a network of networks which share a common mechanism for addressing computers, and a common set of protocols for communications between two computers on the network.
What Is HTTP ?
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) is a stateless protocol. It means fresh connection to the server is required for every item to be downloaded. It transfers hypertext across the internet. Clients and web servers communicate via this protocol. Following are the basic steps of this protocol.
a. Client opens socket connection to the HTTP server, typically over port 80.
b. Client sends HTTP request to server.
c. Server sends back response.
d. Server closes connection.
What is a HTTP Proxy Server ?
It is a program that acts as an interface between a client and a server. It receives requests from the clients, and forwards them to the server(s). The responses are sent back in the same way. A proxy thus acts both as a HTTP client and a server. Request from a client to a proxy server differs from normal server because the Requests in one way.
The complete URL of the source being requested must be specified because it is required by the proxy to know where to forward the request.
Important Internet Applications
1. TELNET
2. FILE transfer protocol (FTP)
3. Electronic mail (Email)
4. Gopher
5. Internet Relay chat (IRC)
6. Usenet News
7. World Wide Web (WWW)
New Robotic Vessel extends deep ocean exploration by Lihui. AUV means Autonomous Under - Water Vehicle. France, Russia, Japan and the US have these vehicles are very costly. Now, China has also developed its own AUV Cr 01. It can go down up to 6000 meters. It can remain under water for a long tome and take still and video pictures.
Exploring the deep ocean is a technological challenge. The pressure of the sea water is one challenge. It also risky and dangerous. But, it offers economic and scientific rewards. We can know about the Topography and the Hydrology of the seabed. We can explore under water mineral resources and recover sunken objects.
AUV is torpedo-shaped. It is 4.4 meters long and 0.8 meters in diameter. It is big and heavy, as it weighs 1300 kilometers. It can use durable batteries. It can move at a speed of 2 knots. The AUV yses 5 ranging sonars to avoid collisions. For navigation, it uses a baseline acoustic system. This can cover an area of about 40 kilometers. The robot can raise automatically an alarm and flash lights in case of an emergency.
To collect samples, the robot has no external devices. It has a camera that holds four hours of tape. With this, it takes upto 3000 photos. It uses side scanning sonars for locating mineral deposits. Its profiler can tell us about the depth of these deposits.
The Chinese tried their first AUV in 1985. In 1992, they turned to Russia for help. The china Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association has plans to explore the pacific for mineral resources. It plans to get one more AUV with the help of other countries.
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