1. What is a loop/Iteration?

• A loop/Iteration is a set of lines executed repeatedly.
• A loop essentially consists a condition.
• A loop runs till the condition is true, stops when it becomes false

Example:

• while - entry check loop
• Do…while - exit check loop
• for loop

2. What are functions? (or) Define Functions.

• Functions are the building blocks of c++ programs.
• Functions means writing a part of a program separately under a different name.
• The main purpose of writing functions is reusability of code
• Functions always end with paranthesis, i.e, ()
• Functions has to be

• Declared
• Defined and
• Invoked

3. What are the advantages of functions?

• Increases Modularity.
• Reusability of code.
• Easy to test & Debug.
• Transferable across programs.

4. Describe about call by value & call by reference?

• Call by reference when parameters are passed to a function it is passed either as call by value or as call by reference.
• In call by value the actual parameters are copied to formal parameter,
• So changes in the called function will not be seen in calling function.
• In call by reference an alias name is given to actual parameters ,so
• Changes in called function seen in calling function.

We must add & (amperesand) before formal parameters in call-by-reference.