Computer Evolution
The concept of computer did not materialize overnight. Just as the growth and development of mature biological species normally took place in fits and started over the ages, the computer also took thousands of years to mature.
Ancient’s people used stones for counting or made scratches on a wall or tied knots in a rope to record information. But all these were manual computing techniques. Attempts had been going on for developing faster computing device used by man. Let us take a look at the development of the computer through various stages.
ABACUS
About 3000 years before the birth of Jesus Christ, the Mesopotamians quite unknowingly laid the foundation of the computer era. They discovered the earliest form of a bead-and-wire counting machine, which subsequently came to be known as abacus. The Chinese improved upon the abacus so that they could and calculate fast.
An abacus consists of beads divided in to two parts which are movable on the rods of the two parts. Addition and multiplication etc. of numbers is done by using the place value of the digits of the numbers and position of beads in the abacus.
NAPIER’S ‘LODS’ AND ‘BONES’
John Napier (1550-1617) developed the idea of logarithm. He used ‘logs’ to transform multiplication problem to addition problem. Napier’s logs later became the basis for a well known invention-the computing machine known as ‘slide rule’ (invented in 1662). Napier also devised set of numbering rodes known as ‘Napier Bones’. He could perform both multiplication and division with these bones.
The idea of logarithm, developed in 1614, notably reduced the tedium of repetitive calculations.
PASCAL’S ADDING MACHINE
Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented a machine in 1642 made up of gears which was used for adding numbers quickly. This machine was named as Adding machine and was capable of addition and subtraction. It worked on clockwork mechanism principle. The adding machine consisted of numbered toothed wheels having unique position values. The rotation of wheels controlled the addition and subtraction operations. This machine was capable of carry-transfer automatically.
LEIBNITZ’S CALCULATOR
Gottfried Leibnitz, a mathematician, improved an adding machine and constructed a new machine in 1671 that was able to perform multiplication and division as well. This machine performed multiplication through repeated addition of numbers. Leibnitz’s machine used stepped cylinder each with nine teeth of varying lengths instead of wheels as was used by Pascal.
JACQUARD LOOM
Joseph Jacquard manufactured punched cards at the end of American Revolution and used to them to control looms in 1801. Thus the entire control weaving process was automatic. The entire operation was under a program’s control. With the historic invention of punched cards, the era of storing and retrieving information started that generally influenced the later inventions and advancements.
BABBAGE’S DIFFERENCE ENGINE
Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics, developed a machine called Difference Engine in the year 1822. This machine was expected to calculate logarithmic tables to a high degree of precision. The difference engine was made to calculate various mathematical functions. The machine was capable of polynomial evaluation by finite difference and its operation was automatic multistep operation.
BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
In 1833, Charles Babbage started designing an Analytical Engine which was to become a real ancestor of the modern day computer. With the methodical design of his Analytical Engine, Babbage meticulously established the basic principles on which today’s computer work. The Analytical engine was capable of performing all the four arithmetic operations as well as comparison. It had a number of features startlingly similar to those in today’s electronic computers. He included the concept of central processor, storage area, memory and input-output devices in his design. The two revolutionary innovations incorporated in Analytical Engine were comparisons and modification of stored information. The first innovation enabled the machine to compare quantities and then decide which of the instruction sequences to follow. The second permitted the results of a calculation to change numbers and instruction already stored in the machine. Owing to the lack technology of the time, the Analytical Engine was never built. Its design remained conceptual.
His great inventions of difference engine and analytical engine earned Charles Babbage the title ‘Father of modern computers’ – a fitting tribute to him.
HOLLERITH’S MACHINE
In 1887, an American named Herman Hollerith (1869-1926) fabricated what was dreamt of by Charles Babbage. He fabricated the first electromechanical punched-card tabulator that used punched cards for input, output and instructions. This machine was used by American Department of census to compile their 1880 census data and was able to complete compilation in 3 years which earlier used to take around 10 years.
MARK-I
Prof. Howard Aiken (1900-1973) in U.S.A. constructed in 1943 an electromechanical computer named Mark-I which could multiply two 10 – digit number in 5 seconds – a record at that time. Mark – I was the first machine which could perform according to pre programmed instructions automatically without any manual interference. This was the first operational general purpose computer.
Hard disc was made up in fifties. It was then twenty inches & havelittle MegaBytes. Hard disc is also familiar as Fixed Disk too. Hard disc comprises of a strong disk that holds the magnetised medium, & plastic film in records & diskettes. Hard disc functions as tape recording machine. The dissimilarity is a magnetic storage medium. The magnetized medium is erasable & rewriteable.
Capability & operation:
Hard disc content is between ten to forty GBs or still more. Data are put in into the disc in the pattern of data file. Single file simply comprises of bytes. As a programme is coursing on the PC, the hard disc recovers the bytes & directs them to the C.P.U.. The datatransmission rate is between five & forty MBs per second. This is known as Data Rate. Once C.P.U enquires for a file & when the 1st data file is sent out from the hard disc to the central processing unit is called Seek time. The time limitation is ten & twenty milliseconds.
Hard disc Failure:
Prior to contacting a helpdesk specialist, it's better to recognise a few of the major reasons of a hard disc Failure. A hard disc could die in 4 ways:
a)Firmware failure- hard disc firmware is the software package write in code in hard disc. If the hard disc isn't readable that signifies the code of the hard disc has corrupt. It's retrievable, if the hard disc has been fixed or re programmed.
b)Electronic failure- It depends upon the control circuit board of the hard disc. Perhaps a power mistake or electrical storm can also create this trouble. The hard disc will be invisible.
c)Mechanical failure- it will encounter when the extra part of the PC which are associated the hard disc has go bad. It will do a chattering sound as before long as the PC is turning on. The hard disc will be unaccessible.
d)Logical Error- It may be the trouble with the files that are loaded up in the hard disc. It may be the Operating PC associated files or the programme files.
There are a lot of methods to settle these matters. A few of the available choices are as follows:
a)The information recovery software package could solve the issue.
b)altering the hard disc could settle the issue.
c)Reloading O/S will settle the matter.
You may also ask for PC help to figure out hard disc trouble.
Hard disc was made up in fifties. It was then twenty inches & havelittle MegaBytes. Hard disc is also familiar as Fixed Disk too. Hard disc comprises of a strong disk that holds the magnetised medium, & plastic film in records & diskettes. Hard disc functions as tape recording machine. The dissimilarity is a magnetic storage medium. The magnetized medium is erasable & rewriteable.
Capability & operation:
Hard disc content is between ten to forty GBs or still more. Data are put in into the disc in the pattern of data file. Single file simply comprises of bytes. As a programme is coursing on the PC, the hard disc recovers the bytes & directs them to the C.P.U.. The datatransmission rate is between five & forty MBs per second. This is known as Data Rate. Once C.P.U enquires for a file & when the 1st data file is sent out from the hard disc to the central processing unit is called Seek time. The time limitation is ten & twenty milliseconds.
Hard disc Failure:
Prior to contacting a helpdesk specialist, it's better to recognise a few of the major reasons of a hard disc Failure. A hard disc could die in 4 ways:
a)Firmware failure- hard disc firmware is the software package write in code in hard disc. If the hard disc isn't readable that signifies the code of the hard disc has corrupt. It's retrievable, if the hard disc has been fixed or re programmed.
b)Electronic failure- It depends upon the control circuit board of the hard disc. Perhaps a power mistake or electrical storm can also create this trouble. The hard disc will be invisible.
c)Mechanical failure- it will encounter when the extra part of the PC which are associated the hard disc has go bad. It will do a chattering sound as before long as the PC is turning on. The hard disc will be unaccessible.
d)Logical Error- It may be the trouble with the files that are loaded up in the hard disc. It may be the Operating PC associated files or the programme files.
There are a lot of methods to settle these matters. A few of the available choices are as follows:
a)The information recovery software package could solve the issue.
b)altering the hard disc could settle the issue.
c)Reloading O/S will settle the matter.
You may also ask for PC help to figure out hard disc trouble.
Need to find the solution for the query: "how do I make my laptop computer faster"? This does not surprise me since Windows based PC's, as always, are still acquiring more & more slow within just a couple of days of being brand-new. In this articles, I will demonstrate you how to wipe out the burdens of time & go on your computer more dissipated & for more agelong with some operating system functioning tweaks.
Disable Startup programmes
The loading time of a brand-new computer is around thirty second. But after a couple of days of usage that could approach to a minute easily. I've encountered five year older PCs that today take about five minutes to come working!
This is due to as you install several & many new programmes, a lot of of them wish to load them selves up in computer memory ahead you have even opened up it! They do this as you start your PC which is how come everything is and then slow till you hold a minute. Companies practice this space to do branding besides functionality & the internet event is that you drop off exceed to begin, Run, then type in "msconfig". By here you are able to handicap startup programmes to your center content to check how to attain your laptop computer faster.
Eliminate The colorful artwork
Even out Windows XP out of the corner is also flashy, not to mention Vista. You are able to however reestablish the flavour & experience of your operating system PC to a base look. In real, this is far-off more usable & you do not need to wait for some stupid animations to fill out as you navigate just about menus.
This comes in under "Performance" properties in Windows. This is hidden of the way only if you right click "My Computer" & go to "Properties" and then you should be capable to get this choice. This will truly make your laptop computer faster.
Defrag
Yeah, you in all probability already know these one already. But it is still as significant as always. Have you defragmented the hard disc? Windows PCs follow automatically on defrag software this days that you are able to adjust & forget for a few hours. Afterward that, your hard disc read/write functioning should be immensely developed.
Run a PC scan.
If your PC is contaminated with adware or spyware these will bring in your laptop computer to a freeze & can even result in loss of your passwords & additional information. Running a PC scan will ascertain for this & will also arrest the windows regsitry & fix errors in there as well which could try out mortal for windows whenever it spoils & isn't fixed.
Several PC users are'nt well aware that there's troubles with the functioning of their computer & the reason of their slow down windows PC is actually because of few underlying registry troubles. Statistics establish that about 90 percentage of 100 computer users even have hidden files stacked away in their registry & they don't recognise that this files corrupt the PC & generate a slowdown.
If these files expand & are not corrected there will be troubles with the registry & soon these troubles can go to issues in loading windows or in utmost situations where PC crash & blocking may occur or to the vital blue CRT screen death that will cease operating process working on all if the faults are risky.There is still trust for you although, even out in that state & the fine alternative for you to look for is to apply a process & registry fix utility.
There's some things you ought to to recognize 1st.
You may attend the choices on your PC specially on your operating process start menu which allows you update operating process automatically. Do you have any idea what these is for? This are update package for operating process itself & several are protection update to protect the unity of your PC against malicious application package.
Each time you make an update a fresh submission is made in the registry & the older one will cost valueless. This is among the causes why a few systems have plenty of parentless, shortcuts, links, dicy path that are present & gets the reason for PC troubles.
This even out occurs while you install programmes, program updates & move out or replace computer hardware. New registry entrees are added up & the earlier ones left. The resultant is your PC starts to bear from deadening windows functioning because it is to go through & through all these entriy. Even out the ones that are no-account to find what it requires.
Complete your applications programme which are treated encounter an applications ID for it to be acknowledged. This IDs ought to be tidy up or disposed later function, & for a few this is not executed in nice order so a lot mix-up occurs in the PC. Your PC & registry fixing utility will besides assist you cleaning the presence of useless things in the listing of newly open files.
In the event you notice a short & forceful drop in operation this is a reading of more but little faults. This is usually the consequence of leading registry faults or bigger, malicious application package on your PC varying files & chasing after keystrokes.
A PC & registry scanner will bring out all of these since each application package has to bear a registry entree to function & has to receive a program folder together with your PC. Four times the scanner detects it you'll be able to take away it all incoming seconds & eliminate your slow operating process PC & acquire your fast PC to an extent.
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